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1. Axum
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East African kingdom and trade center near present-day Ethiopia, it was a Christian area surrounded by Islamic territory
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2. Great Zimbabwe
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Southeastern African trading kingdom that encountered merchants from the Middle East and Asia and is identified by a large fortified enclosure.
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3. West African Kingdoms
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The civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that were important areas for trade.
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4. Timbuktu
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West African trade center and city with a university and Islamic center.
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5. Trans-Saharan
Trade
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Extensive trade networks that crossed northern African and focused on the trade of gold and salt.
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6. Animism
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Belief that spirits inhabit everything; Tribal/indigenous religions of North Africa
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7. Griot
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Highly trained speakers and entertainers in West Africa who memorized the oral traditions.
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8. Bantu
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Root language in Africa that eventually spread east and south as the people migrated in search of arable land
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9. Swahili
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An African language that developed in Zimbabwe and was known as the language used for trade.
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10. Shintoism
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A religion that began in Japan and focused on the importance of nature, ancestors, and worshipping the emperor.
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11. Zen
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Sect of Buddhism that stresses meditation as a means of enlightenment.
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12. Shogun
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Chief military and government office in feudal Japan.
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13. Samurai
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Japanese warriors hired for protection by wealthy landlords in feudal Japan.
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14. Bushido
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“Way of the Warrior;” Code of behavior of the Japanese warrior that stressed bravery, loyalty, and honor.
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15. Mayas
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The indigenous people of the Yucatan Peninsula who built cities in the jungles like Chichen Itza and Palenque.
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16. Aztecs
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Indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico who built causeways and cities; practiced human sacrifice; and were conquered by the Spanish in 1521.
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17. Incas
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Indigenous people of western South America (Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Ecuador) who used terrace farming and built the city of Machu Picchu.
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18. Tenochtitlan
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Aztec capital city that was an engineering accomplishment since it was constructed on a lake with causeways.
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19. Yucatan Peninsula
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Geographical location for the first civilizations in the Americas including the Olmecs and the Mayas.
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20. Andes Mountains
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Geographical location for the Incan and Moche civilizations in South America.
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21. Chinampas
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The Aztec method of farming on floating islands that were made from mud and grass piled in lakes
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22. Terrace Farming
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Mountain farming that uses flat steps cut into the side of the mountain; used in China as well as in South America.
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23. Islam
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The third monotheistic religion to arise in the Middle East; it began in Mecca with the actions of Muhammad.
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24. Hinduism
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A religion that arose in India that combined Dravidian and Aryan beliefs and also believed that one god was represented in many forms; the goal is to reach moksha through reincarnation, karma, and dharma.
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25. Buddhism
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A religion that began in ancient India by Siddhartha Gautama that focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path to reach nirvana.
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26. Judaism
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First monotheistic religion; developed in the Middle East by the Hebrews.
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27. Zoroastrianism
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A Persian religion that focused on good versus evil; Sacred text was the Zend Avesta
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28. Reincarnation
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A belief shared by Hindus and Buddhist that when one person dies he/she will be reborn into a new life (cycles of rebirth)
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29. Karma
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A belief shared by Hindus and Buddhists that a person’s actions and behavior determine how that person will be reborn in his/her next life.
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30. Caste System
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A hereditary, rigid social class hierarchy brought to India by the Aryan invaders and used with the Hindu religion.
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31. Mecca
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Located in Saudi Arabia, it is the holy city for Muslims; pilgrimage location for the Hajj.
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32. Mandate of Heaven
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In China, power from the gods that was given to the ruler; justification for the dynastic cycle in China.
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33. Silk Road
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A trade route that connected China and Asia to Rome and Europe.
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34. Cuneiform
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Sumerian pictographic writing (Mesopotamia) that used wedge shaped marks made on clay tablets and resembled geometric designs.
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35. Polis
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The name for a city-state in ancient Greece.
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36. Acropolis
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The elevated portion of a Greek city-state where the temples were usually located.
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37. Athens
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A Greek city-state known for culture.
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38. Sparta
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A Greek city-state known for military training.
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39. Democracy
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Type of government that originated in Greece and involved active citizen participation; rule by the people
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40. Persian War
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Conflicts that the united Athens and Sparta to gain control of the Aegean Sea; occurred from 499 BC - 449 BC
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41. Peloponnesian War
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A conflict that occurred between Athens and Sparta from 431 BC to
404 BC; Sparta wins
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42. Alexander the Great
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Macedonian king who conquers Greece to the Indus River valley and was instrumental in spreading Greek culture.
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43. Patricians
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The upper class or powerful nobles (few in number) in Rome.
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44. Plebeians
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The lower class and majority of the population in Rome.
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45. Twelve Tables
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Roman laws
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46. Pax Romana
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A time of peace and prosperity (roughly 200 years) during the Roman Empire that began with Augustus
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47. Feudalism
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A system of government during the Middle Ages where a greater lord granted land and some power to lesser lords in exchange for loyalty, service, and military assistance.
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48. Fief
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Land granted by a feudal lord to a noble.
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49. Vassal
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A Medieval noble who pledged loyalty and services to a feudal lord in exchange for a grant of land.
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50. Serf
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Medieval peasant legally bound to live and work on a specific piece of land.
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