To achieve vision 2030,kenyan’s need to unite and fight a common ‘enemy’ called

Abstract 2

Acknowledgement 3

List of Acronyms 4

1.0INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 Why Kenya 7

1.1.1 Types of Conflict 7

1.2 Objective:- 7

1.2.1 Research Questions 8

1.3 Motivation behind the research 8

1.4 Relevance 8

1.5 Problem Formulation 9

1.6 Concepts Definition 9

1.7 Summary of chapter One 10

2.0BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM 11

2.1 Land and Ethnic Groups at: Pre-colonization, Colonization and Post Colonization 11

2.1.1 Pre-colonization: 12

2.1.2 Colonization 12

2.1.3 Post-colonization 13

2.2 Ethnic Groups in Kenya 14

2.3. Land Ownership and Distribution. 15

2.4 Land Reforms under Historical Injustices. 16

2.5 Previous Ethnic Conflicts 16

2.5.1 Election of 1992 17

2.5.2 Election of 1997 17

3.0METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 Research Design 19

3.2 Sources of Data 19

3.2.1 Challenges in Collecting Data 20

3.3 Reliability, Replicability and Validity 20

3.3 Relationship between Research and Theory 21

3.4 Paradigms in Study of Ethnicity 21

3.4.2 Constructivist Approach: This is the opposite of inherent approach as it argues that ethnic identities are not fixed, they evolve and they are constructed by people. As Jesse and Williams notes “identities are molded, refabricated and mobilized in accord with reigning cultural scripts and centers of power” (Jesse& Williams 2011). As individual interact in a society, values and behavior change and this reconstructs the existing identity and it acquire a different form and shape. To them ethnic identities are not historically conflictual by nature but when there is tension in a social system, and negative ethnicity have been constructed on a social ground, then conflict is inevitable. Esman argues that ethnic communities are meant to meet changing needs and they are also passing and new ones are born as people’s needs and aspirations changes. He further argues that individuals can belong to more than one ethnic group and they can easily move from one group to another (Esman 2004). 22

3.4.3 Instrumentalism Approach: 22

3.4.4 Institutional perspective: 23

3.5 Sum up 23

4.0EMPIRICAL CHAPTER 23

4.1. General Information about Kenya. 24

Figure (i) Kenya’s position on the map of East Africa. 25

Figure (ii) Territorial Demarcation and Distribustion of ethnic groups in Kenya. 27

Figure (ii) Kenya’s population as of 2009 in ‘000,000 28

Figure (iii) High Potential Agriculture Land per Capita. 29

Figure (iv) Migration to Rift Valley by different ethnic groups in ‘000. 30

4.2 Afrobarometer Data 30

Figure (i): Kenyan or Ethnic indentity 30

Figure (ii): How close people are to political party 32

Figure (iii) : How often party competition leads to conflict. 33

Figure(iv) : Fear of political intimidation 34

Figure (v) : Level of trust 35

Figure vi: Does your Member of Parliament (MP) listen? 36

Figure vii : Are government officilals corrupt 37

Table 1 : Statements that could incite violence. 38

Figure (ii) Illegal allocation of Agriculture Developement Coorporation farms. 40

Figure(iii) :The main beneficiary of (ADC) Farms 41

Figure iv : Main Beneficiaries of the illegal allocation of Kenya Agriculture Research Institute 42

4.4 TJRC Data 43

Table II :- Prominent People accussed to have incited people 43

Figure ii : Perception about members of different ethnic groups 46

Figure iii : Percentage of Cabinet position held by various ethnic group since independence. 48

4.5 Interviews 49

5.0ANALYSIS 50

5.2.1 Referendum campaign inciteful messages 52

5.2.2 General election inciteful messages 53

5.2Political land scape 55

5.3.3Land grabbing of ADC and KARI farms 57

5.4Link between Land, Ethnicity and Conflict 59

6.0THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 60

6.1 Primordial Theory 61

6.1.1 Limitations 62

6.2 Elite Manipulation. 63

6.2.1 Limitations 65

6.3 Aspects of Ethnic Conflict in Kenya That Theories Do Not Provide 65

7.0 CONCLUSION 67

References 71

APPENDIX 75