A MOST INFLUENTIAL THESIS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY WAS THAT ADVOCATED BY THOMAS MALTHUS. HE WAS AN ECONOMIST THAT ARGUED THAT POPULATION INCREASES FASTER THAN THE SUPPLY OF FOOD UNLESS CHECKED BY EITHER DEATH OR BY DELIBERATE SEXUAL CONTINENCE. AS A CLERGYMAN, HE ADVOCATED CONTINENCE BUT REMAINED PESSIMISTIC THAT HUMAN BEINGS WERE CAPABLE OF SUCH RESTRAINTS. HE WAS AN ECONOMIST WHO BELIEVED THAT ECONOMIC PROGRESS RESTED ON IMMUTABLE LAWS THAT ALLOWED LITTLE HOPE FOR THE MASSES. ECONOMICS BECAME KNOWN AS THE "DISMAL SCIENCE" BECAUSE OF HIS DIRE ECONOMIC OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE. URBAN DEVELOPMENT WAS A PROCESS OF CLASS SEGREGATION. LARGE CITIES THROUGHOUT EUROPE DEVELOPED INTO GOOD WEST ENDS VS. POOR EAST ENDS. BESIDES EPIDEMICS, URBAN AREAS WERE TO EXPERIENCE INCREASES IN ALCOHOLISM, PROSTITUTION, ILLEGITIMACY, INFANTICIDE, AND SUICIDE.
