The age of reformation

1. 
   Cultivated knowledge of the classics.
   
2. 
   Focused on writings of Christian antiquity
   
   1. 
      Studied Greek to read the New Testament in its original Greek version
      
   2. 
      Studied works of Augustine, Ambrose & Jerome
      
3. 
   Main priority was reforming the Church
   
4. 
   Worked as secretaries to lay rulers such as kings, dukes and city govt's
   

1. 
   Most influential of the Christian humanists
   
2. 
   Dutchman who popularized the Church reform movement
   
3. 
   Known for such works as Adages, Handbook of the Christian Knight & Praise of Folly
   
4. 
   Believed the Vulgate, the standard Latin edition of the Bible, contained errors so he edited the Greek text of the New Testament to publish a new Latin translation
   
5. 
   Believed that Christianity should return to the simple “philosophy of Christ”
   
6. 
   Eventually disapproved of Luther & Protestant reformers
   
7. 
   Wanted to maintain unity of the Church
   

1. 
   English humanist who translated several works by Greek authors
   
2. 
   Wrote original works in Latin
   
3. 
   Most famous work was Utopia which describes the ideal society, a community in sharp contrast to the world More lived in
   
4. 
   Devout Roman Catholic
   
5. 
   Opposed England’s break with the Church
   
6. 
   Executed by Henry Vlll when More refused to recognize the king as the head of the Church of England
   

1. 
   The nobility and wealthy middle class dominated the highest church offices
   
2. 
   Pluralism and the attendant problem of absenteeism plagued era.
   
3. 
   Economic forces led to growing rift between the higher and lower clergy.
   
4. 
   Parish priests often accused of ignorance & corruption.
   

1. 
   Viewed process of salvation mechanically
   
2. 
   Quest for a tranquil spirituality (EX: Modern Devotion Movement)
   
3. 
   Venerated religious relics
   
4. 
   Bought indulgences
   

1. 
   Born into a German peasant family (son of a miner)
   
2. 
   At his father’s urging, Luther studied law upon graduation from the Univ. Of Erfurt
   
3. 
   In 1505, while caught in a terrible storm, Martin Luther vowed that if he escaped the storm alive, he would become a monk
   
4. 
   While a monk, Luther focused on learning more about attaining salvation (obsessed with own sins)
   
5. 
   Had difficulty with church’s solution for attaining salvation—penance or confession (sacraments)
   
6. 
   Became a doctor of theology in 1512 and became a professor at the Univ. Of Wittenberg
   
7. 
   Did not believe one could achieve salvation from “good works”
   
8. 
   Believed salvation could be achieved by faith alone
   
9. 
   Believed Bible was the Sole Authority in religious matters
   
10. 
    Luther came into open conflict with the Church over the sale of indulgences which he opposed
    
11. 
    Responded to sale of indulgences by posting his “95 Theses” in Wittenberg deploring their existence and indicting the church for selling them in the 1^st place
    
    1. 
       Reiterated that justification could be achieved by faith alone
       
    2. 
       Church used jingle in response, “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
       

1. 
   Spain
   
2. 
   Austria
   
3. 
   Bohemia
   
4. 
   Hungary
   
5. 
   Low Countries
   
6. 
   Kingdom of Naples (Southern Italy)
   

1. 
   Swedish barons led by Gustavus Vasa established an independent Kingdom of Sweden
   
2. 
   Vasa ruled Sweden as king from (1523-1560)
   
   1. 
      Took the lead in establishing a Lutheran Reformation in Sweden
      
   2. 
      Efforts supported by Swedish nobles
      
   3. 
      1^st Swedish Lutheran National Church was established by the 1530s
      
3. 
   Christian II (1513-1523) was deposed as King of Denmark by Danish nobility
   
4. 
   was succeeded by his uncle, Frederick I (1523-1533) who encouraged the spread of Lutheranism
   
5. 
   Frederick I’s successor Christian III (1534-1559) established a Lutheran state church with the king as the supreme authority
   
6. 
   Christian III was instrumental in spreading Lutheranism to Norway
   

1. 
   Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
   
   1. 
      Product of the Swiss rural cantons
      
   2. 
      Son of a relatively prosperous peasant—he earned both bachelor of arts as well as master of arts degrees
      
   3. 
      During his college years, was greatly influenced by Christian humanist
      
   4. 
      Ordained as a priest in 1506, he took over a parish post in rural Switzerland
      
   5. 
      Appointed cathedral priest of Zurich in 1518 where he began his Reformation-minded preaching
      
2. 
   Zwingli’s beliefs
   
   1. 
      Claimed his theology was independent of Luther’s influence
      
   2. 
      City magistrates kicked Catholics out of Zurich leaving the city in the religious hands of Zwingli & followers and at the same time increasing their own power
      
   3. 
      Zwingli put church under state supervision
      
   4. 
      Relics and images were abolished in churches
      
   5. 
      Mass was replaced by scripture reading, prayer & sermons
      
   6. 
      Music was eliminated from church services
      
   7. 
      Monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, pope’s authority were all abolished
      

1. 
   Women should obey their husbands
   
2. 
   God punished women for the sins of Eve by giving them the burden of childbirth
   
3. 
   Left women few career avenues outside of the home
   
4. 
   Did not want women to play active role in church hierarchy
   

1. 
   Adopted the classical emphasis of humanist schools
   
2. 
   Believed all children should have an opportunity of an education provided by the state
   
3. 
   Improved secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training
   

1. 
   Selling of Indulgences
   
2. 
   Veneration of saints & relics
   
3. 
   Clerical Celibacy
   
4. 
   The celebration of religious holy days
   
5. 
   Religious pilgrimages
   
6. 
   Monasticism
   

1. 
   Drinking of alcohol in taverns
   
2. 
   Dancing
   
3. 
   Theatrical productions
   
4. 
   Exchanging of gifts at Christmas
   

Religious Orders

1. 
   Benedictines and Dominicans were reformed & renewed
   
2. 
   Capuchins emerged from Franciscans
   
   1. 
      returned to the life of simplicity and poverty of St. Francis of Assisi
      
   2. 
      cared for the sick and the poor
      
   3. 
      preached Gospel directly to the people
      
3. 
   Theatines
   
   1. 
      reformed the secular clergy and encouraged clerics to fulfill duties among the laity
      
   2. 
      founded orphanages and hospitals for victims of war and the plague
      
4. 
   Ursulines were an order of nuns dedicated to establishing schools to educate girls
   
5. 
   Jesuits
   
   1. 
      order became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation
      
   2. 
      founded by Spanish nobleman turned saint, Ignatius of Loyola