Pre-historic Britain

About 3000 BC inhabited Europe.

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  Roads, buildings(wooden, stone)
  
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  Tools made of bones and antlers
  
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  We know about their culture through archaeological axcavations
  

2 waves:

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  600BC- the Gaels
  
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  300BC- the Britons
  

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  Art of smelting the iron
  
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  Lived in villages
  
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  Built forts with diches
  
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  Had a free of private property, and classes
  
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  Grew corn and wheat, tamed animals
  
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  The art of pottery
  

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  Purpos is unknown, (assumed to be connected with sun and a ritual place)
  
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  About 3100
  
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  Great knowledge of astronomy and arithmetic.
  

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  Channel on 55 BC
  
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  2 successful raids: 55 and 54BC
  
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  Withdraw because of a rebellion in Gaul
  

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  Invasion in 43 AD
  
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  Celts did not become slaves, had to pay taxes
  

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  Queen of the Iceni tribe
  
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  Joined forces with the Romans to defeat a rival tribe
  
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  Romans turnes on the Iceni tribe
  
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  Unfortunate destiny
  

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  Paved roads
  
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  Towns and cities
  
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  Roman baths(Aquae Sulis)
  
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  Brought Cristianity in 4th century.
  

Built in 122, against Picth and Scots, 112.6 km long, from Solway to the Tyne.

In the 5th centuty the Angles Saxons and Jutes began raiding Britain. In 100 year kingoms were established(Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia)

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  Destroyed Roman establishments
  
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  Traiding increased
  
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  Celts were driven to North, West and ti islands
  
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  Were agricultural:no shops, little trading
  
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  The conersion of the Anglo-Saxons into Christianity began in the 6th century.
  

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  During the 9th century Vikings invaded and stayed. Vikings were succesful becaus the kingdom of England did not have fleet in North Sea nor a regular army.
  
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  In 871 Danes invaded Wessex. King Alfred the Great les Wessex’s resistance.
  
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  Danelaw was founded in North, with York as its capital.
  

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  1st Archbishop was St. Augustine
  
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  The assassination of Thomas Becket in the north-east Transept on 29 December 1170(misunderstanding between king and the knights)
  

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  Was able to read and write
  
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  Translating the bokks started
  
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  He translated Ecclesiastical History of the English People
  
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  The Anglo-saxon Chronicle
  

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  English epic poem
  
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  Is a strong hero, many victorious battles
  
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  The single major surviving work of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry
  

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  Reign:1042-1066
  
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  Successor: Harold Godwin
  
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  Time of peace
  
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  Declaired a saint in 1163
  

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  Harold Godwin said that Edward promised throne to him on his deathbed
  
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  Duke William of Normandy said that Edward had promised throne to him when he visited England in 1051
  
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  Harald Hardraada, king of Norway, also claimed throne
  

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  1066
  
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  Godwin marched to meet the forces of Hardraada, then received word that William had landed in South, then marched there.
  
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  Battle was won by William tgrough trickery
  
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  King Harold died(an arrow in his eye)
  
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  It was the last successfu invasion of Britain
  
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  Bayeux Tapestry, made about 1080, valuable historical document
  

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  New king of England
  
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  Brought French culture
  
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  Built the White tower in London (to dominate the city)
  

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  Son of Stephen Blois(adopted)
  
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  Inherited English kingdom, Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine
  
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  Athletic, strong, travelles ceaselessly
  
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  Struggle between churhc and king led to the murder of Thomas Becket
  
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  His son was Richard the Lionheart
  

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  Lost dominions in France to Philippe II Auguste in 1204
  
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  Nickname: John Lackland
  
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  Disputes with the Pope and nobility
  
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  Was forced to sign Magna Carta 1215
  

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  John’s eldest son
  
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  Was intersed in art and cultur
  
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  University of Oxford
  
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  1st parliamnet in 1265
  

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  Son of Isabella(daughter of Philip the Fair, had no male inheritans)
  
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  Claimed the French throne , but new king was Philipe IV
  
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  1337 landed his army in Normandy
  
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  100 Years War began
  
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  1348 founded a chivalric order-The Most Noble Order of the Garter
  
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  War brought weatl to England
  
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  1431 French started to rise
  
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  Joan of Arc burnt at the stake
  
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  1453 war ended, only Calais remaind to England
  

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  Nobleman were bored, nothing else to do
  
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  The House od Lancaster and York fought over the throne
  
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  Richard II was forced from throne
  
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  Many battles
  
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  1485 Henry Tudor fedeated the royal army, Richard III was killed
  
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  Beginning of the Tudors, 1st was Henry Tudor
  
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  He married Edward IV’s daughter and united two houses
  

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  Founded the Tudor dynasty
  
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  United two rival houses
  
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  Maried Elizabeth of York
  
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  1457-1509
  

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  Anglican Church
  
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  Had 6 wives
  
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  1491-1547
  

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  Tried to restore catholicism
  
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  Married to Felipe II of Spain
  
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  Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
  
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  1516-1558
  

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  England became an empire
  
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  The English Renaissance
  
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  Established Virginia, the 1st colony
  
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  1533-1603
  

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  Queen of Scotland
  
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  Was Catholic, that caused problems in the Protestand Scotland
  
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  Was suspected of treason against Elizabeth I
  
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  Married to Francis II of France and later to Hendry Darnley
  
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  1542-1567
  

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  First king of England and Scotland
  
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  Gunpowder plot
  
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  Very paranoid
  
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  1566-1625
  

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  Was executed by the English commons
  
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  English Civil War
  

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  1600-1649
  

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  Son of Charles I
  
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  The Great Plague 1665
  
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  The Great Fire 1666
  
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  1630-1685
  

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  Parliament ruled, king did not do much
  
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  1st Hanover
  
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  1660-1727
  

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  First Prime Minister of GB
  
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  Made most of the decisions
  
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  1676-1745
  

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  The Whigs against the Tories
  
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  The Cabinet
  
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  Loss of American colonies
  

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  1688-1746
  
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  Organized by the Jacobite
  
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  Aimed at the restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne
  

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  Ended by the Battle of the Culloden
  

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  1803-1815
  
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  One of the biggest military conflicts of that time
  
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  Revolutin in Europian armies and weapons
  
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  Napoleon lost, Bourbon dynasty was restored
  

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  First Empress of India
  
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  Mother of many children
  
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  Longest reigning monarch
  
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  „The Grandmother of Europe“
  
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  1819-1901
  
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  Loved monarch
  
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  After death of husband dressed in black, moved less in public
  

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  Husbend of Queen Victoria
  
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  Happy mariage
  
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  Big influence in British politics
  
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  1819-1861
  

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  Traiding
  
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  Railways
  
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  Changed the world
  
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  Less manual labour
  
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  Heavy machinery
  

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  1854-1900
  
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  Some of the greatest English comedies
  
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  Beautiful fairy tales
  

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  Son of Queen Victoria
  
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  Always in shadow of his mother
  
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  Grandfather
  
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  1841-1910
  
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  Prince of Wales
  

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  Very rigid
  
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  Poverty, miserable conditions
  
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  Women’s suffrage
  
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  Age of optimism
  
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  Arms race with Germany
  

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  Dedicated leader
  
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  Changed family name to Windsor
  
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  Beloved king
  
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  Many great successes while he ruled
  
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  1845-1936
  

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  Treaty of Versailles
  
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  Increased in size
  
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  British Commonwealth