Pre-historic Britain
Iberians
About 3000 BC inhabited Europe.
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Roads, buildings(wooden, stone)
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Tools made of bones and antlers
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We know about their culture through archaeological axcavations
Celts
2 waves:
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600BC- the Gaels
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300BC- the Britons
The celts
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Art of smelting the iron
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Lived in villages
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Built forts with diches
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Had a free of private property, and classes
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Grew corn and wheat, tamed animals
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The art of pottery
Celtic language is the ancestor of the Gaelic, Irish and Welsh languages
Stonehenge
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Purpos is unknown, (assumed to be connected with sun and a ritual place)
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About 3100
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Great knowledge of astronomy and arithmetic.
Roman
Julius Caesar
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Channel on 55 BC
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2 successful raids: 55 and 54BC
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Withdraw because of a rebellion in Gaul
Claudius
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Boudicca
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Queen of the Iceni tribe
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Joined forces with the Romans to defeat a rival tribe
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Romans turnes on the Iceni tribe
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Unfortunate destiny
Roman merits
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Paved roads
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Towns and cities
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Roman baths(Aquae Sulis)
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Brought Cristianity in 4th century.
Hadrian’s Wall
Built in 122, against Picth and Scots, 112.6 km long, from Solway to the Tyne. 
Anglo-Saxon Britain
In the 5th centuty the Angles Saxons and Jutes began raiding Britain. In 100 year kingoms were established(Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia)
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Destroyed Roman establishments
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Traiding increased
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Celts were driven to North, West and ti islands
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Were agricultural:no shops, little trading
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The conersion of the Anglo-Saxons into Christianity began in the 6th century.
Danelaw
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During the 9th century Vikings invaded and stayed. Vikings were succesful becaus the kingdom of England did not have fleet in North Sea nor a regular army.
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In 871 Danes invaded Wessex. King Alfred the Great les Wessex’s resistance.
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Danelaw was founded in North, with York as its capital.
Canterbury cathedral
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1st Archbishop was St. Augustine
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The assassination of Thomas Becket in the north-east Transept on 29 December 1170(misunderstanding between king and the knights)
Alfred the Great
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Was able to read and write
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Translating the bokks started
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He translated Ecclesiastical History of the English People
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The Anglo-saxon Chronicle
Beowulf
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English epic poem
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Is a strong hero, many victorious battles
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The single major surviving work of Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry
Edward the Confessor
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Reign:1042-1066
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Successor: Harold Godwin
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Time of peace
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Declaired a saint in 1163
Norman Conquest
Confusion
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Harold Godwin said that Edward promised throne to him on his deathbed
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Duke William of Normandy said that Edward had promised throne to him when he visited England in 1051
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Harald Hardraada, king of Norway, also claimed throne
Battle of Hastings
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1066
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Godwin marched to meet the forces of Hardraada, then received word that William had landed in South, then marched there.
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Battle was won by William tgrough trickery
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King Harold died(an arrow in his eye)
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It was the last successfu invasion of Britain
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Bayeux Tapestry, made about 1080, valuable historical document
William of Normandy
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New king of England
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Brought French culture
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Built the White tower in London (to dominate the city)
The Plantagenets
Henry II
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Son of Stephen Blois(adopted)
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Inherited English kingdom, Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine
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Athletic, strong, travelles ceaselessly
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Struggle between churhc and king led to the murder of Thomas Becket
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His son was Richard the Lionheart
John I
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Lost dominions in France to Philippe II Auguste in 1204
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Nickname: John Lackland
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Disputes with the Pope and nobility
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Was forced to sign Magna Carta 1215
Henry III
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John’s eldest son
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Was intersed in art and cultur
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University of Oxford
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1st parliamnet in 1265
Edward III
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Son of Isabella(daughter of Philip the Fair, had no male inheritans)
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Claimed the French throne , but new king was Philipe IV
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1337 landed his army in Normandy
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100 Years War began
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1348 founded a chivalric order-The Most Noble Order of the Garter
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War brought weatl to England
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1431 French started to rise
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Joan of Arc burnt at the stake
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1453 war ended, only Calais remaind to England
The Wars of the Roses
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Nobleman were bored, nothing else to do
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The House od Lancaster and York fought over the throne
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Richard II was forced from throne
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Many battles
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1485 Henry Tudor fedeated the royal army, Richard III was killed
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Beginning of the Tudors, 1st was Henry Tudor
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He married Edward IV’s daughter and united two houses
The Tudors
Henry VII
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Founded the Tudor dynasty
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United two rival houses
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Maried Elizabeth of York
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1457-1509
Henry VIII
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Anglican Church
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Had 6 wives
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1491-1547
Mary Tudor
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Tried to restore catholicism
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Married to Felipe II of Spain
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Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
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1516-1558
Elizabeth I
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England became an empire
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The English Renaissance
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Established Virginia, the 1st colony
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1533-1603
The Stuarts
Mary Stuart
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Queen of Scotland
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Was Catholic, that caused problems in the Protestand Scotland
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Was suspected of treason against Elizabeth I
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Married to Francis II of France and later to Hendry Darnley
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1542-1567
James I
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First king of England and Scotland
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Gunpowder plot
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Very paranoid
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1566-1625
Charles I
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Was executed by the English commons
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English Civil War
Charles II
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Son of Charles I
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The Great Plague 1665
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The Great Fire 1666
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1630-1685
Georgian Era
Georg I
Robert Walpole
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First Prime Minister of GB
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Made most of the decisions
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1676-1745
Politics at that time
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The Whigs against the Tories
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The Cabinet
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Loss of American colonies
The Jacobite Rebellions
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1688-1746
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Organized by the Jacobite
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Aimed at the restoring the Stuart dynasty to the throne
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Ended by the Battle of the Culloden
The Napoleonic Wars
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1803-1815
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One of the biggest military conflicts of that time
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Revolutin in Europian armies and weapons
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Napoleon lost, Bourbon dynasty was restored
Victorian Era
Queen Victoria
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First Empress of India
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Mother of many children
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Longest reigning monarch
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„The Grandmother of Europe“
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1819-1901
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Loved monarch
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After death of husband dressed in black, moved less in public
Prince Albert
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Husbend of Queen Victoria
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Happy mariage
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Big influence in British politics
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1819-1861
The Industrial Revolutin
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Traiding
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Railways
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Changed the world
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Less manual labour
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Heavy machinery
Oscar Wilde
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1854-1900
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Some of the greatest English comedies
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Beautiful fairy tales
Ewardian Age and Post-War Years
Edwars VII
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Son of Queen Victoria
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Always in shadow of his mother
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Grandfather
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1841-1910
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Prince of Wales
Social
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Very rigid
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Poverty, miserable conditions
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Women’s suffrage
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Age of optimism
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Arms race with Germany
George V
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Dedicated leader
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Changed family name to Windsor
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Beloved king
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Many great successes while he ruled
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1845-1936
After the War
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Treaty of Versailles
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Increased in size
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British Commonwealth
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