Notable Geographers
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Theory Type
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Theory
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Importance of model
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John Borchert
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Urban
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Stages of Evolution of Americans Metropolis based on Transportation
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Sail-Wagon 2. Iron horse 3. Steel Rail 4. Auto-Air 5. High Tech
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Uses transportation advances as key to development of urban areas
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Boserup
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Rural land use
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Boserup Hypothesis- Stage 1 forest-fallow Stage 2 bush-fallow Stage 3 fallow shortens Stage 4 annual cropping Stage 5 multi-cropping from extensive to intensive
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Formalized the transition from extensive subsistence forms of agriculture to more intensive cultivation- increased productivity counters loss of fertility
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Lester Brown
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Agriculture/ population
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Ecological effects of increasing population on agriculture (rural land use)
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Soil degradation- pressure to produce more leads to soil depletion
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Ernest Burgess
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Rural land use
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Concentric Zone-grows out from CBD 5 zones, transition- industry/poor housing, stable working class, middle class, commuter zone, suburbs
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Helps to determine use and value of land surrounding cities. Transportation has impacted model. Sociologist 1923
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Judith Carney
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Rural land use
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Studied changing Agricultural practices in Gambia- as agriculture changed/progressed so did the culture, especially women
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Manuel Castella/ Peter Hall
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Industry/ Development
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Technopoles-high technology locates near sites of higher education and agglomerate to utilize highly skilled workers
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EX. Boston-M.I.T. and Harvard have attracted a lot of technology based industry
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Walter Christaller
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Rural/ urban land use
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Central Place Theory- Urban hierarchy, range, threshold, low order goods, high order goods. Hexagon shapes-trade shapes
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Spatial distribution of Hamlets, villages, towns and cities
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Aharon Dogopolsky
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Culture/ language
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Nostratic language family is a proto-Indo-European language
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Nostractic is where modern day Russian comes from. Used common Russian words like eyes, legs, feet, head to discover Nostratic
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Clifford Geetz
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Culture/ Religion
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Culture is learned-agreed with Hoebel. How culture creates different patterns and landscapes
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“The Interpretation of Culture”
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Chauncey Harris /E L Ullman
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Urban land use
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Multiple nuclei model-modern cities develop with many nodes. Cities within cities
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Richard Hartshome
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Political/ environment
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The evolution of boundaries
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Antecedent
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Superimposed
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Subsequent
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relict
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Homer Hoyt
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Urban
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Sector model- sectors not rings, certain areas are more attractive-as city grows outward-beat housing corridor from CBD out, industry and retail develop in sectors along transportation routes
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Refinement of concentric zone theory. Claimed represented social patterns of Chicago
Land economist-1939
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E. Adamson Hoebel
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Culture
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Culture is a learned behavior. “Culture is wholly the result of social invention and is transmitted and maintained solely through communication and learning”
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Ellsworth Huntington
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Political/ Development
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Environmental determinism-climate and terrain were a major determinant of civilization
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Temperate climate of Europe led to greater human efficiency and better standards of living
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Mark Jefferson
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Urban
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Every country has a Primate city. Rank size rule-2nd largest city is ½ the size of the primate city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 the size of the Primate city
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“The Law of the Primate City”
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Halford Mackinder
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Political
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The heartland theory- Gro-political thought-explaisn why NATO and the WARSAW pact existed- Control of Western Europe
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Who rules E. Europe commands the heartland
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Who rules the Heartland commands the world island
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Who rules the world island commands the world
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Thomas Malthus
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Population
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Malthusian Theory-population growth relating to food supply. Food grows arithmetically population grows exponentially. Population checks
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Neo Malthusians- Kaplan, Homer, Dixon look to Africa
Critics-Boserup, Kuznets, Simon, Engles- more people more growth, science will find a way, distribution of wealth
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T.G. McGee
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Urban/ Development
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Land use in S.E. Asian cities. Old colonial port cities surrounded by new commercial districts with no formal CBD
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EX: Manila, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur
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Friedrich Ratzel
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Political
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Organic theory of nations-nations act like living organisms- must grow but eventually decline
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E.G. Ravensten
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Migration
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Laws of Migration
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Economic reasons
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Migrants are male
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Long distance migrants head for big cities
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W.W Rostow
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Development
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Modernization model 5 stages of economic development
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Traditional society
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Pre-conditions to take off
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Take off
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Maturity
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Mass consumption
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Carl Sauer
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Culture
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Cultural landscape- human activity superimposes itself on the physical landscape- each cultural group leaves imprints
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“The Morphology of Landscape”
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Ruth Leger Sivard
|
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Women/men gap widens with economic progress. Men are first to try unhealthy habits of progress-smoke, drink ect
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Women will catch up and lower life expectancy
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Gideon Sjoberg
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Urban
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Cities are products of societies (4 stages)
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Folk-preliterate
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Feudal
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Pre-Industrial
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Urban i/industrial
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John Snow
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Development
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Epidemiologist (Medical geography) control of epidemics. Link between water supply and cholera. Mapped cholera deaths and location of water wells/pumps
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Outbreak, Epidemic, Pandemic
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Nicholas Spykman
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Political
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Rimland theory- Eurasian rim not the heartland is/was the key to global power. Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia. Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world
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“Geography of Place” videos
Heartland and Rimland
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Vidal De la Blanche
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Culture
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Possibilism-Human/environmental
Interaction-Humans have a wide range of potential actions within an environment- they respond based on their value systems, attitudes and culture attributes
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“Principles of Human Geography” Culture determines a peoples response to the environment
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Johann von Thunen
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Rural land use
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Agricultural theory (concentric circles)
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City center
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Market gardening
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Forest
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Grains
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Ranching
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Distribution of agricultural activities around a city depends on bulk and perishability of products
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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Development
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Core Periphery model- Core-MDC- high socioeconomic level. Periphery-LDC-dependent on the core, supplier of raw materials and labor
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EX: auto industry-clustered near Detroit- automakers, labor, supplier of car parts, transportation. Location depends on raw materials, markets and labor
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Alfred Weber
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Industry/ Development
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Location of industry-Least cost theory
Agglomeration-people and activities concentrate in a location where they can share facilities and services
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