Imperial Rivalries in East Asia The "Open Door"

The “Open Door”

The Boxer Rebellion

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  During the 1890’s the U.S. was not the only nation to emerge as a world power.
  
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    Japan defeated __________________ in the first Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 1895)
    
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    China’s weakness enabled European powers to ______________ it.
    
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    Russia, Germany, France, and Great Britain established spheres of influence in China by the end of the century.
    
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      Sphere of influence: an area where a foreign nation controlled _______________________ development.
      
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  Twice, the _______________________ asked the American government to join them in preserving the territorial integrity of China against further imperialist actions.
  
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    Senate rejected the requests because it risked an entangling _______________________ in a region where the U.S. as yet had no strategic investment.
    

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  The American outlook toward Asia changed with the defeat of _____________________ and the acquisition of the ___________________________.
  
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    decided to act alone instead of jointly with Britain.
    
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  Secretary of State __________________________________ Open Door Note, 1899
  
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    sent to his European counterparts
    
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    proposed to keep China open to __________________ with all countries on an ____________________ basis.
    
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    called upon foreign powers within their spheres of influence to:
    
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      refrain from interfering with any ______________ port (a port open to all by treaty) or any vested interest
      
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      permit Chinese authorities to collect ___________ on an equal basis
      
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      show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor _______________ or railroad charges
      
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    none of the European powers, except _______________, accepted Hay’s principles
    

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  While foreign countries debated over access to China’s market, secret Chinese societies organized to fight __________________ control and influence.
  
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    The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists
    
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      known to westerners as the __________________
      

Results of the Boxer Rebellion

Was President Roosevelt correct in his belief that a strong military presence promoted global peace?

Balancing Power in East Asia

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  decided to ______________________ both the “foreign devils” and their Chinese Christian converts, whom they believed were corrupting Chinese society.
  
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  The Boxers and some Chinese troops attacked foreign __________________________ in Beijing and Tianjin, killing more than 200 foreigners, including many Christian missionaries
  
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    German ____________________________ was killed
    
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    _____ nations intervened
    
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      Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the U.S.
      
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      rescued the foreigners and ended the rebellion
      

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  John Hay worked with British diplomats to persuade the other powers not to ___________________________ China
  
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  Second set of Open Door notes
  
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    convinced the participating powers to accept ____________________________________ from China for damages caused by the rebellion.
    
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  European powers agreed not to break up China into European-controlled _________________________________
  
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  U.S. retained access to China’s ____________________________
  

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  President McKinley was re-elected in 1900, but was __________________________________
  
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  September 1901 - ______ Theodore Roosevelt assumed the Presidency
  
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  Roosevelt favored ________________________________ U.S. power and believed that the U.S. had a __________________ to shape the “less civilized” corners of the Earth.
  

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  President Roosevelt ______________________________ the Open Door policy in China and worked to prevent any nation from controlling _______________________ there.
  
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    helped negotiate a _____________________________ to the Russo-Japanese War between _________________ and _________________________ that had begun in 1904
    
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    sponsored a ___________________ conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire
    
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    Treaty of _________________________________ was signed on September 5, 1905
    
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      all concessions went to ___________________
      
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      raised doubts among American leaders about the ____________________________ of the Philippines
      
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  Roosevelt and ___________________ met with the Japanese foreign minister in Tokyo
  

Geography and the Canal

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  negotiated the _________________________________ Agreement in July 1905 in which the U.S. accepted Japanese control of ______________________ and Japan disavowed any designs on the ____________________________________
  
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  Behind all the diplomacy there was mutual _________________
  

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  Roosevelt believed that having a canal through ______________________________________________ was vital to U.S. power in the world and would save time and money for commercial and military __________________________
  
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  1889 - a _____________________ company abandoned its efforts to build a canal in Panama
  
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  1902 - Congress authorized the __________________________ of the French company’s assets and the construction of a canal
  
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  Panama was a province of __________________________ at the time
  
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  1903 - U.S. offered Colombia a large sum of money and yearly rent for the right to ____________________ the canal and to __________________________ a narrow strip of land on either side of it.
  
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    Colombia _____________________________
    
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    Tension between Colombians and Panamanians increased
    
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      Panamanians ________________________ Colombian rule
      
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    The French company was worried that the U.S. might back out of the deal
    
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      met with Panamanian officials and together they decided to make a ____________________ with the U.S.
      
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  November 1903 - with U.S. _______________________ offshore, Panama __________________________ against Colombia
  
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    within days, the U.S. recognized Panama’s independence and the two nations signed a treaty that allowed the canal to be built.
    

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  Before the canal opened, ships sailing from New York to San Francisco traveled over ________________________ miles around the tip of South America
  
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    after it opened the trip was only ___________________ miles and could be completed in _____________ the time
    
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  Engineers built a series of lakes and concrete locks to raise and lower ships as they traveled the _____________________ canal
  
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  During construction workers contracted ___________________ and ___________________________________ from mosquitoes
  

Dollar Diplomacy

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  Surgeon General of the U.S. Army, ____________________________________________ helped minimize the disease by inspecting and controlling all potential breeding places of mosquitoes
  

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  By early 1900’s, American officials were concerned about large __________________ that Latin American nations owed _________________________________ banks.
  

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  1902 - Venezuela defaulted on its debts
  

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  Britain, Germany and Italy ____________________Venezuelan ports
  
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  crisis was resolved peacefully after the U.S. ____________________________ both sides to reach an agreement
  
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  Roosevelt addressed Congress and stated what became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the ____________________________
  

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  the U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain _____________________ and _____________________________ stability in the _________________________________ Hemisphere
  
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  Goal: to prevent European powers from using the debt problems of Latin America to justify _________________________________ in the region.
  

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  First applied the corollary in the ___________________________
  

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  had fallen behind on its debt payments to European nations
  
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  1905 - _______________ began collecting customs tariffs in the Dominican Republic, using the __________________________________ as its agent.
  

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  William Howard Taft placed less emphasis on ________________ force and more on __________________________ development
  

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  believed that supporting Latin American industry would increase ____________ and _____________for American businesses and lift Latin American countries out of poverty and social disorder
  

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  Worked to replace _______________________ loans with loans from __________________________ banks
  

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  1911 - American bankers began making loans to Nicaragua to support is shaky ____________________
  

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  1912 - civil unrest forced Nicaragua’s president to ask for greater _______________________
  
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  U.S. ______________________ entered Nicaragua, replaced the customs collector with an American agent, and formed a committee to control the _______________ commissions.
  

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico

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  U.S. troops supported the government and customs until ____________________
  

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  Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for more than 30 years as a ______________________
  
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    1910 - Mexican revolution began
    
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    1913 - General ________________________________ seized power after the murder of __________________________________________, a Mexican reformer who supported democracy, constitutional government, and land reform
    
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  Huerta’s _______________________ repulsed Wilson, who refused to recognize the new government
  
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    Wilson announced a new policy
    
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    To win U.S. recognition, groups that seized power in Latin America would have to establish government based on ___________________, not on force
    
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    Wilson believed that without U.S. support, Huerto would be ______________________________ soon
    
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    Wilson also ordered the navy to intercept ____________ shipments to Huerta’s government and permitted Americans to arm Huerta’s ___________________________
    
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  April 1914 - American sailors visiting Tampico, Mexico were _______________________ after entering a restricted area
  
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    after their release, their commander demanded an ______________________
    
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    Mexico ___________________________
    
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  Wilson saw the refusal as an opportunity to _________________________________ Huerta
  
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    soon after congressional approval, Wilson learned that a ________________________ ship was unloading __________________________ at the Mexican port of Veracruz
    
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  Wilson ordered American warships to Veracruz, where U.S. Marines forcibly ___________________________ the city
  
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    anti-American _____________________ broke out
    
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    _______________________________, whose forces had acquired arms from the United States, became Mexico’s president.
    
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  Mexican forces __________________________ to Carranza conducted raids into the U.S. hoping to force Wilson to intervene
  
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    March 1916 - _____________________________ and a group of guerrillas burned the town of Columbus, ______________________________, killing 17 Americans
    
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    Wilson sent ___________ troops under General John J. Pershing across the border to find and capture Villa
    

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  they were not successful
  
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  Wilson’s policy _______________________ U.S. foreign relations
  
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    _____________________ ridiculed the president’s attempt to “shoot” the Mexicans into self-government
    
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    Latin Americans regarded his “________________________________________” as no improvement over Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy
    
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  1914 - Wilson followed Roosevelt’s example in the _______________________________
  
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    negotiated exclusive rights for naval bases and a canal with _________________________________
    
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  1915 - sent the Marines into ___________________ to put down a rebellion.
  
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  1916 - sent troops into the ______________________________ to set up a government he hoped would be more stable and ________________________________ than the current regime.