HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
CONTENTS
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION
§ 1. Nature of Church History.
§ 2. Branches of Church History.
§ 3. Sources of Church History.
§ 4. Periods of Church History.
§ 5. Uses of Church History.
§ 6. Duty of the Historian.
§ 7. Literature of Church History.
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FIRST PERIOD
APOSTLIC CHRISTIANITY
A.D. 1–100.
CHAPTER I.
PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY.
§8. Central Position of Christ in the History of the World.
§ 9. Judaism.
§ 10. The Law, and the Prophecy.
§ 11. Heathenism.
§ 12. Grecian Literature, and the Roman Empire.
§ 13. Judaism and Heathenism in Contact.
CHAPTER II.
JESUS CHRIST.
§ 14. Sources and Literature.
§ 15. The Founder of Christianity.
§ 16. Chronology of the Life of Christ.
§ 17. The Land and the People.
§ 18. Apocryphal Tradition.
§ 19. The Resurrection of Christ.
CHAPTER III.
THE APOSTOLIC AGE.
§ 20. Sources and Literature of the Apostolic Age.
§ 21. General Character of the Apostolic Age.
§ 22. The Critical Reconstruction of the History of the Apostolic Age.
§ 23. Chronology of the Apostolic Age.
CHAPTER IV.
ST. PETER AND THE CONVERSION OF THE JEWS.
§ 24. The Miracle of Pentecost and the Birthday of the Christian Church.
§ 25. The Church of Jerusalem and the Labors of Peter.
§ 26. The Peter of History and the Peter of Fiction.
§ 27. James the Brother of the Lord.
§ 28. Preparation for the Mission to the Gentiles.
CHAPTER V.
ST. PAUL AND THE CONVERSION OF THE GENTILES.
§ 29. Sources and Literature on St. Paul and his Work.
§ 30. Paul before his Conversion.
§ 31. The Conversion of Paul.
§ 32. The Work of Paul.
§ 33. Paul’s Missionary Labors.
§ 34. The Synod of Jerusalem, and the Compromise between Jewish and Gentile Christianity.
§ 35. The Conservative Reaction, and the Liberal Victory—Peter and Paul at Antioch.
§ 36. Christianity in Rome.
CHAPTER VI.
THE GREAT TRIBULATION.
§ 37. The Roman Conflagration and the Neronian Persecution.
§ 38. The Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem.
§ 39. Effects of the Destruction of Jerusalem on the Christian Church.
CHAPTER VII.
ST. JOHN, AND THE LAST STADIUM OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD – THE CONSOLIDATION OF JEWISH AND GENTILE CHRISTIANITY.
§ 40. The Johannean Literature.
§ 41. Life and Character of John
§ 42. Apostolic Labors of John.
§ 43. Traditions Respecting John.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHRISTIAN LIFE IN THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 44. The Power of Christianity.
§ 45. The Spiritual Gifts.
§ 46. Christianity in Individuals.
§ 47. Christianity and the Family.
§ 48. Christianity and Slavery.
§ 49. Christianity and Society.
§ 50. Spiritual Condition of the Congregations.—The Seven Churches in Asia.
CHAPTER IX.
WORSHIP IN THE APOSTOLIC AGE.
§ 51. The Synagogue.
§ 52. Christian Worship.
§ 53. The Several Parts of Worship.
§ 54. Baptism.
§ 55. The Lord’s Supper.
§ 56. Sacred Places.
§ 57. Sacred Times—The Lord’s Day.
CHAPTER X.
ORGANIZATION OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 58. Literature.
§ 59. The Christian Ministry, and its Relation to the Christian Community.
§ 60. Apostles, Prophets, Evangelists.
§ 61. Presbyters or Bishops. The Angels of the Seven Churches. James of Jerusalem.
§ 62. Deacons and Deaconesses.
§ 63. Church Discipline.
§ 64. The Council at Jerusalem.
§ 65. The Church and the Kingdom of Christ.
CHAPTER XI.
THEOLOGY OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH.
§ 66. Literature.
§ 67. Unity of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 68. Different Types of Apostolic Teaching.
§ 69. The Jewish Christian Theology—I. James and the Gospel of Law.
§ 70. II. Peter and the Gospel of Hope.
§ 71. The Gentile Christian Theology. Paul and the Gospel of Faith.
§ 72. John and the Gospel of Love.
§ 73. Heretical Perversions of the Apostolic Teaching.
CHAPTER XII.
THE NEW TESTAMENT.
§ 74. Literature.
§ 75. Rise of the Apostolic Literature.
§ 76. Character of the New Testament.
§ 77. Literature on the Gospels.
§ 78. The Four Gospels.
§ 79. The Synoptists.
§ 80. Matthew.
§ 81. Mark.
§ 82. Luke.
§ 83. John.
§ 84. Critical Review of the Johannean Problem.
§ 85. The Acts of the Apostles.
§ 86. The Epistles.
§ 87. The Catholic Epistles.
§ 88. The Epistles of Paul
§ 89. The Epistles to the Thessalonians.
§ 90. The Epistles to the Corinthians.
§ 91. The Epistles to the Galatians.
§ 92. The Epistle to the Romans.
§ 93. The Epistles of the Captivity.
§ 94. The Epistle to the Colossians.
§ 95. The Epistle to the Ephesians.
§ 96. Colossians and Ephesians Compared and Vindicated.
§ 97. The Epistle to the Philippians.
§ 98. The Epistle to Philemon.
§ 99. The Pastoral Epistles.
§ 100. The Epistle To The Hebrews.
§ 101. The Apocalypse.
§ 102. Concluding Reflections. Faith and Criticism.
Alphabetical Index
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HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
CONTENTS
SECOND PERIOD
ANTE-NICENE CHRISTIANITY
a.d. 100–311 (325).
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INTRODUCTION.
§ 1. General Literature on the Ante-Nicene Age
§ 2. General Character of Ante-Nicene Christianity.
CHAPTER I:
Spread of Christianity.
§ 3. Literature.
§ 4. Hindrances and Helps.
§ 5. Causes of the Success of Christianity.
§ 6. Means of Propagation.
§ 7. Extent of Christianity in the Roman Empire.
§ 8. Christianity in Asia.
§ 9. Christianity in Egypt.
§ 10. Christianity in North Africa.
§ 11. Christianity in Europe.
CHAPTER II:
Persecution of Christianity and Christian Martyrdom.
§ 12. Literature.
§ 13. General Survey.
§ 14. Jewish Persecution.
§ 15. Causes of Roman Persecution.
§ 16. Condition of the Church before the Reign of Trajan.
§ 17. Trajan. a.d. 98–117—Christianity Forbidden
§ 18. Hadrian. a.d. 117–138.
§ 19 Antoninus Pius. a.d. 137–161. The Martyrdom of Polycarp.
§ 20. Persecutions under Marcus Aurelius. a.d. 161–180.
§ 21. Condition of the Church from Septimius Severus to Philip the Arabian. a.d. 193–249.
§ 22. Persecutions under Decius, and Valerian. a.d. 249–260. Martyrdom of Cyprian.
§ 23. Temporary Repose. a.d. 260–303.
§ 24. The Diocletian Persecution, a.d. 303–311.
§ 25. The Edicts of Toleration. a.d. 311–313.
§ 26. Christian Martyrdom.
§ 27. Rise of the Worship of Martyrs and Relics.
CHAPTER III.
Literary Contest of Christianity with Judaism and Heathenism.
§ 28. Literature.
§ 29. Literary Opposition to Christianity.
§ 30. Jewish Opposition. Josephus and the Talmud.
§ 31. Pagan Opposition. Tacitus and Pliny.
§ 32. Direct Assaults. Celsus.
§ 33. Lucian.
§ 34. Neo-Platonism.
§ 35. Porphyry and Hierocles
§ 36. Summary of the Objections to Christianity.
§ 37. The Apologetic Literature of Christianity.
§ 38. The Argument against Judaism.
§ 39. The Defense against Heathenism.
§ 40. The Positive Apology.
CHAPTER IV:
Organization and Discipline of the Church.
§ 41. Progress in Consolidation.
§ 42. Clergy and Laity.
§ 43. New Church Officers.
§ 44. Origin of the Episcopate.
§ 45. Development of the Episcopate. Ignatius.
§ 46. Episcopacy at the time of Irenaeus and Tertullian.
§ 47. Cyprianic Episcopacy.
§ 48. The Pseudo-Clementine Episcopacy.
§ 49. Beginnings of the Metropolitan and Patriarchal Systems
§ 50. Germs of the Papacy.
§ 51. Chronology of the Popes.
§ 52. List of the Roman Bishops and Roman Emperors during the First Three Centuries.
§ 53. The Catholic Unity.
§ 54. Councils.
§ 55. The Councils of Elvira, Arles, and Ancyra.
§ 56. Collections of Ecclesiastical Law. The Apostolical Constitutions and Canons.
§ 57. Church Discipline.
§ 58. Church Schisms.
CHAPTER V:
Christian Worship.
§ 59. Places of Common Worship.
§ 60. The Lord’s Day.
§ 61. The Christian Passover. (Easter).
§ 62. The Paschal Controversies.
§ 63. Pentecost.
§ 64. The Epiphany
§ 65. The Order of Public Worship.
§ 66. Parts of Worship.
§ 67. Division of Divine Service. The Disciplina Arcani.
§ 68. Celebration of the Eucharist.
§ 69. The Doctrine of the Eucharist.
§ 70. The Celebration of Baptism.
§ 71. The Doctrine of Baptism.
§ 72. Catechetical Instruction and Confirmation.
§ 73. Infant Baptism.
§ 74. Heretical Baptism.
CHAPTER VI:
Christian Art.
§ 75. Literature.
§ 76. Origin of Christian Art.
§ 77. The Cross and the Crucifix.
§ 78. Other Christian Symbols.
§ 79 Historical and Allegorical Pictures
§ 80. Allegorical Representations of Christ.
§ 81. Pictures of the Virgin Mary.
CHAPTER VII:
The Church in the Catacombs.
§ 82. Literature.
§ 83. Origin and History of the Catacomb.
§ 84. Description of the Catacombs.
§ 85. Pictures and Sculptures.
§ 86. Epitaphs.
§ 87. Lessons of the Catacombs.
CHAPTER VIII:
The Christian Life in Contrast with Pagan Corruption.
§ 88. Literature.
§ 89. Moral Corruption of the Roman Empire.
§ 90. Stoic Morality
§ 91. Epictetus.
§ 92. Marcus Aurelius.
§ 93. Plutarch.
§ 94. Christian Morality.
§ 95. The Church and Public Amusements.
§ 96. Secular Callings and Civil Duties.
§ 97. The Church and Slavery.
§ 98. The Heathen Family.
§ 99. The Christian Family.
§ 100. Brotherly Love, and Love for Enemies.
§ 101. Prayer and Fasting.
§ 102. Treatment of the Dead
§ 103. Summary of Moral Reforms.
CHAPTER IX:
Ascetic Tendencies.
§ 104. Ascetic Virtue and Piety.
§ 105. Heretical and Catholic Asceticism.
§ 106. Voluntary Poverty.
§ 107. Voluntary Celibacy.
§ 108. Celibacy of the Clergy.
CHAPTER X:
Montanism.
§ 109. Literature.
§ 110. External History of Montanism.
§ 111. Character and Tenets of Montanism.
CHAPTER XI:
The Heresies of the Ante-Nicene Age.
§ 112. Judaism and Heathenism within the Church.
§ 113. Nazarenes and Ebionites (Elkesaites, Mandaeans).
§ 114. The Pseudo-Clementine Ebionism.
§ 115. Gnosticism. The Literature.
§ 116. Meaning, Origin and Character of Gnosticism.
§ 117. The System of Gnosticism. Its Theology.
§ 118. Ethics of Gnosticism.
§ 119. Cultus and Organization.
§ 120. Schools of Gnosticism.
§ 121. Simon Magus and the Simonians.
§ 122. The Nicolaitans.
§ 123. Cerinthus.
§ 124. Basilides.
§ 125. Valentinus.
§ 126. The School of Valentinus. Heracleon, Ptolemy, Marcos, Bardesanes, Harmonius.
§ 127. Marcion and his School.
§ 128. The Ophites. The Sethites. The Peratae. The Cainites
§ 129. Saturninus (Satornilos).
§ 130. Carpocrates.
§ 131. Tatian and the Encratites.
§ 132. Justin the Gnostic.
§ 133. Hermogenes.
§ 134. Other Gnostic Sects.
§ 135. Mani and the Manichaeans.
§ 136. The Manichaean System.
CHAPTER XII:
The Development of Catholic Theology.
§ 137. Catholic Orthodoxy.
§ 138. The Holy Scriptures and the Canon.
§ 139. Catholic Tradition.
§ 140. The Rule of Faith and the Apostles’ Creed.
§ 141. Variations of the Apostles’ Creed.
§ 142. God and the Creation.
§ 143. Man and the Fall.
§ 144. Christ and the Incarnation.
§ 145. The Divinity of Christ.
§ 146. The Humanity of Christ.
§ 147. The Relation of the Divine and the Human in Christ.
§ 148. The Holy Spirit.
§ 149. The Holy Trinity.
§ 150. Antitrinitarians. First Class: The Alogi,Theodotus, Artemon, Paul of Samosata.
§ 151. Second Class of Antitrinitarians: Praxeas, Noëtus, Callistus, Berryllus.
§ 152. Sabellianism.
§ 153. Redemption.
§ 154. Other Doctrines.
§ 155. Eschatology. Immortality and Resurrection.
§ 156. Between Death and Resurrection.
§ 157. After Judgment. Future Punishment.
§ 158. Chiliasm.
CHAPTER XIII:
Ecclesiastical Literature of the Ante-Nicene Age, and Biographical Sketches of the Church Fathers.
§ 159. Literature.
§ 160. A General Estimate of the Fathers.
§ 161. The Apostolic Fathers.
§ 162. Clement of Rome.
§ 163. The Pseudo-Clementine Works.
§ 164. Ignatius of Antioch.
§ 165. The Ignatian Controversy.
§ 166. Polycarp of Smyrna.
§ 167. Barnabas.
§ 168. Hermas.
§ 169. Papias.
§ 170. The Epistle to Diognetus.
§ 171. Sixtus of Rome.
§ 172. The Apologists. Quadratus and Aristides.
§ 173. Justin the Philosopher and Martyr.
§ 174. The Other Greek Apologists. Tatian.
§ 175. Athenagoras.
§ 176. Theophilus of Antioch.
§ 177. Melito of Sardis.
§ 178. Apolinarius of Hierapolis. Miltiades.
§ 179. Hermias.
§ 180. Hegesippus.
§ 181. Dionysius of Corinth.
§ 182. Irenaeus
§ 183. Hippolytus.
§ 184. Caius of Rome.
§ 185. The Alexandrian School of Theology.
§ 186. Clement of Alexandria.
§ 187. Origen.
§ 188. The Works of Origen.
§ 189. Gregory Thaumaturgus.
§ 190. Dionysius the Great.
§ 191. Julius Africanus.
§ 192. Minor Divines of the Greek Church.
§ 193. Opponents of Origen. Methodius
§ 194. Lucian of Antioch.
§ 195. The Antiochian School.
§ 196. Tertullian and the African School.
§ 197. The Writings of Tertullian.
§ 198; Minucius Felix.
§ 199. Cyprian.
§ 200. Novatian.
§ 201. Commodian.
§ 202. Arnobius.
§ 203. Victorinus of Petau.
§ 204. Eusebius, Lactantius, Hosius.
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Illustrations from the Catacombs.
Alphabetical Index.
HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
contents
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THIRD PERIOD
THE CHURCH IN UNION WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE
FROM CONSTANTINE THE GREAT TO GREGORY THE GREAT. a.d. 311–590.
Sources and Literature,
§ 1. Introduction and General View.
CHAPTER I.
DOWNFALL OF HEATHENISM AND VICTORY OF CHRISTIANITY N THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
Sources and Literature,
§ 2. Constantine The Great. a.d. 306–337.
§ 3. The Sons of Constantine. a.d. 337–361.
§ 4. Julian the Apostate, and the Reaction of Paganism. a.d. 361–363.
§ 5. From Jovian to Theodosius. a.d. 363–392.
§ 6. Theodosius the Great and his Successors. a.d. 392–550.
§ 7. The Downfall of Heathenism.
CHAPTER II. THE LITERARY TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY OVER GREEK AND ROMAN HEATHENISM.
Sources and Literature,
§ 8. Heathen Polemics. New Objections.
§ 9. Julian’s Attack upon Christianity.
§ 10. The Heathen Apologetic Literature.
§ 11. Christian Apologists and Polemics.
§ 12. Augustine’s City of God. Salvianus.
CHAPTER III.
ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC MORALS AND RELIGION.
Sources and Literature,
§ 13. The New Position of the, Church in the Empire.
§ 14. Rights and Privileges of the Church. Secular Advantages.
§ 15. Support of the Clergy.
§ 16. Episcopal Jurisdiction and Intercession.
§ 17. Legal Sanction of Sunday.
§ 18. Influence of Christianity on Civil Legislation. The Justinian Code.
§ 19. Elevation of Woman and the Family.
§ 20. Social Reforms. The Institution of Slavery.
§ 21. Abolition of Gladiatorial Shows.
§ 22. Evils of the Union of Church and State. Secularization of the Church.
§ 23. Worldliness and Extravagance.
§ 24. Byzantine Court Christianity.
§ 25. Intrusion of Politics into Religion.
§ 26. The Emperor-Papacy and the Hierarchy.
§ 27. Restriction of Religious Freedom, and Beginnings of Persecution of Heretics.
CHAPTER IV.
MONASTICISM.
Sources and Literature,
§ 28. Origin of Christian Monasticism. Comparison with other forms of Asceticism.
§ 29. Development of Monasticism.
§ 30. Nature and Aim of Monasticism.
§ 31. Monasticism and the Bible.
§ 32. Lights and Shades of Monastic Life.
§ 33. Position of Monks in the Church.
§ 34. Influence and Effect of Monasticism.
§ 35. Paul of Thebes and St. Anthony.
§ 36. Spread of Anchoretism. Hilarion.
§ 37. St. Symeon and the Pillar Saints.
§ 38. Pachomius and the Cloister life.
§ 39. Fanatical and Heretical Monastic Societies in The East.
§ 40. Monasticism in the West. Athanasius, Ambrose, Augustine, Martin of Tours.
§ 41. St. Jerome as a Monk.
§ 42. St. Paula.
§ 43. Benedict of Nursia.
§ 44. The Rule of St. Benedict.
§ 45. The Benedictines. Cassiodorus.
§ 46. Opposition to Monasticism. Jovinian.
§ 47. Helvidius, Vigilantius, and Aerius.
CHAPTER V.
THE HIERARCHY AND POLITY OF THE CHURCH.
Sources and Literature,
§ 48. Schools of the Clergy.
§ 49. Clergy and Laity. Elections.
§ 50. Marriage and Celibacy of the Clergy.
§ 51. Moral Character of the Clergy in general.
§ 52. The Lower Clergy.
§ 53. The Bishops.
§ 54. Organization of the Hierarchy: Country Bishop, City Bishops, and Metropolitans.
§ 55. The Patriarchs.
§ 56. Synodical Legislation on the Patriarchal Power and Jurisdiction.
§ 57. The Rival Patriarchs of Old and New Rome.
§ 58. The Latin Patriarch.
§ 59. Conflicts and Conquests of the Latin Patriarchate.
§ 60. The Papacy.
§ 61. Opinions of the Fathers.
§ 62. The Decrees of Councils on the Papal Authority.
§ 63. Leo the Great. a.d. 440–461.
§ 64. The Papacy from Leo I to Gregory I. a.d. 461–590.
§ 65. The Synodical System. The Ecumenical Councils.
§ 66. List of the Ecumenical Councils of the Ancient Church,
§ 67. Books of Ecclesiastical Law.
CHAPTER VI.
CHURCH DISCIPLINE AND SCHISMS.
Sources and Literature,
§ 68. Decline of Discipline.
§ 69. The Donatist Schism. External History.
§ 70. Augustine and the Donatists. Their Persecution and Extinction.
§ 71. Internal History of the Donatist Schism. Dogma of the Church.
§ 72. The Roman Schism of Damasus and Ursinus.
§ 73. The Meletian Schism at Antioch.
CHAPTER VII.
PUBLIC WORSHIP AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES.
Sources and Literature,
§ 74. The Revolution in Cultus.
§ 75. The Civil and Religious Sunday.
§ 76. The Church Year.
§ 77. The Christmas Cycle.
§ 78. The Easter Cycle.
§ 79. The Time of the Easter Festival.
§ 80. The Cycle of Pentecost.
§ 81. The Exaltation of the Virgin Mariology.
§ 82. Mariolatry.
§ 83. The Festivals of Mary.
§ 84. The Worship of Martyrs and Saints.
§ 85. Festivals of the Saints.
§ 86. The Christian Calendar. The Legends of the Saints. The Acta Sanctorum.
§ 87. Worship of Relics. Dogma of the Resurrection. Miracles of Relics.
§ 88. Observations on the Miracles of the Nicene Age.
§ 89. Processions and Pilgrimages.
§ 90. Public Worship of the Lord’s Day. Scripture-Reading and Preaching.
§ 91. The Sacraments in General.
§ 92. Baptism.
§ 93. Confirmation.
§ 94. Ordination.
§ 95. The Sacrament of the Eucharist.
§ 96. The Sacrifice of the Eucharist.
§ 97. The Celebration o f the Eucharist.
§ 98. The Liturgies. Their Origin and Contents.
§ 99. The Oriental Liturgies.
§ 100. The Occidental Liturgies.
§ 101. Liturgical Vestments.
CHAPTER VIII.
CHRISTIAN ART.
Sources and Literature,
§ 102. Religion and Art.
§ 103. Church Architecture.
§ 104. The Consecration of Churches.
§ 105. Interior Arrangement of Churches.
§ 106. Architectural Style. The Basilicas.
§ 107. The Byzantine Style.
§ 108. Baptisteries. Grave-Chapels, and Crypts.
§ 109. Crosses and Crucifixes.
§ 110. Images of Christ.
§ 111. Images of Madonna and Saints.
§ 112. Consecrated Gifts.
§ 113. Church Poetry and Music.
§ 114. The Poetry of the Oriental Church.
§ 115. The Latin Hymn.
§ 116. The Latin Poets and Hymns.
CHAPTER IX.
THEOLOGY. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECUMENICAL ORTHODOXY.
Sources and Literature,
§ 117. General Observations. Doctrinal Importance of the Period. Influence of the Ancient Philosophy.
§ 118. Sources of Theology. Scripture and Tradition.
I. – The Trinitarian Controversies.
General Literature of the Arian Controversy.
§ 119. The Arian Controversy down to the Council of Nicaea, 318–325.
§ 120. The Council of Nicaea, 325.
§ 121. The Arian and Semi-Arian Reaction, a.d. 325–361.
§ 122. The Final Victory of Orthodoxy, and the Council of Constantinople, 381.
§ 123. The Theological Principles involved: Import of the Controversy.
§ 124. Arianism.
§ 125. Semi-Arianism.
§ 126. Revived Sabellianism. Marcellus and Photinus.
§ 127. The Nicene Doctrine of the Consubstantiality of the Son with the Father.
§ 128. The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
§ 129. The Nicene and Constantinopolitan Creed.
§ 130. The Nicene, Doctrine of the Trinity. The Trinitarian Terminology.
§ 131. The Post-Nicene Trinitarian Doctrine of Augustine.
§ 132. The Athanasian Creed.
II. – The Origenistic Controversies.
§133. The Orgenistic Controversy in Palestine. Epiphanius, Rufinus, and Jerome, a.d. 394–399.
§ 134. The Origenistic Controversy in Egypt and Constantinople. Theophilus and Chrysostom a.d. 399–407.
III. – The Christological Controversies.
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