Chivalry – code of conduct followed by knights during the Middle Ages. * Similar code in Japanese Feudalism called bushido. That was the code of the samurai. REGENTS LIKES TO ASK ABOUT THE SIMILARITY. BOTH ARE CODES OF BEHAVIOR FOR THE WARRIOR CLASS
Manorialism – an economic system structured around a lord’s manor or estate
Serf – a peasant bound to the lord’s land in medieval Europe
Most serfs don’t live past the age of 35
Church was center of their lives
Worked the land for the lord and provided services, such as repairing fences, roads, horseshoes, etc.
The Church in Medieval Life
The Church provided religious leadership as well as secular leadership
Secular – having to do with worldly matters as opposed to religious matters
Popes and kings fought over whose authority was higher
Popes would excommunicate kings who challenged their authority
Pope Boniface VIII issues papal bull that declares the authority of the papacy superior to that of the monarchy (Last pope to have kings obey his orders)
Investiture Controversy
The Great Schism At one point there are 3 popes.
Church was largest landowner and taxed Christians 10% of their income (tithe)
Church controlled learning. Monks and nuns preserved the ancient texts
Medieval Cultural Achievements
Gothic architecture
Canterbury Tales by Chaucer & La Commedia by Dante
The Crusades
The Schism (1054) – Catholic Church splits into the Roman Catholic Church (West) and the Orthodox Church (East/Byzantine)
In 1093 the Byzantine Emperor Alexius asks Urban II for help against the Seljuk Turks
Urban II agrees because he believes he can reunite the Church
English people are upset with King John III after he is excommunicated in 1215
He fought many wars and lost quite a few
Had high taxation
Had to give up England to Pope in order to be readmitted to Catholic Church
Magna Carta
Nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta, which placed limits on the king’s power
King now had to get Parliament’s permission to raise taxes
Trial by jury
Establishes common law
Common law Same laws are applicable to all people; no matter class, race, religion everyone goes by and are held to the same laws. This is different from Hammurabi’s Code
The Bubonic Plague/Black Death
Garbage Rats Fleas Humans
Disease originated in China and came to Europe via trading ships
Trade between East and West comes to a temporary stop
Humanism – intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects (human achievement/potential) rather than religious ones
There is an emphasis on the individual
Challenging of the “old ways” of thinking
Return to Greek and Roman culture
Renaissance begins in Northern Italy due to developing merchant class
Merchants and wealthy patrons like the Medici pay artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci to create artwork
Niccolo Machiavelli
Writes The Prince, which encourages rulers and leaders to use any means necessary to achieve their goals
Luther is supported by northern European kings and princes
Luther is NOT out to start a new faith, but his followers call themselves Lutherans and Protestants since the protested papal authority
John Calvin
Beliefs
Could only gain salvation through faith
Predestination – belief that God determined who was going to Heaven and Hell before the beginning of time; your destination in the afterlife was already determined by God
Founds a theocracy in Switzerland
Only could wear black, gray, and brown
No fun, games, music
King Henry VIII of England
Wanted an annulment from the pope because his wife did not “give him a son”
Pope refuses to grant annulment
Henry VIII forms the Anglican Church of England and makes himself the head of the new church and gives himself a divorce
Also beheads two of his wives for being “disloyal”
Counter Reformation
Purpose was to strengthen the Catholic Church and stop spread of Protestantism
Council of Trent
Pope Paul III calls reform meeting in which the Catholic Church stands by its teachings
Outlaws simony and limits indulgences
Effects of the Reformation
New Christian faiths and denominations emerge
Catholic Church loses power
Pope lost much of his power and authority
Religion no longer unites Europe
Religious wars between Charles V and German Protestant princes
Hundred Years’ War
Conflict between France and England
Marks the end of feudal Europe
Increase in nationalism
Joan of Arc
Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Life centers around the Church
Live your life to enter Heaven
Art and music reflect religious values
Gothic Architecture
Secularism
Humanism
Live life in the here and now
Revival of Greco-Roman art and architecture reintroduction of columns and realistic art