European history

1. 
   In his critique of the Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther’s 95 Theses focused most on the
   
   1. 
      corruption of Pope Alexander VI
      
   2. 
      lack of Biblical justification for the selling of indulgences
      
   3. 
      nepotism in the appointment church offices
      
   4. 
      inaccuracies in the translation of the Latin Vulgate
      
   5. 
      clerical ignorance that existed in many German parishes
      

2. 
   Which of the following Renaissance writers was well-known for his emphasis on courtly manners and achieving excellence in many different disciplines?
   
   1. 
      Francesco Petrarch
      
   2. 
      François Rabeleis
      
   3. 
      Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples
      
   4. 
      Baldassare Castiglione
      
   5. 
      Lorenzo Valla
      

3. 
   “All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or the other of these ends, we say that he has been predestined to life or death…”
   

This statement reflects an essential view of

1. 
   Teresa of Avila
   
2. 
   John Calvin
   
3. 
   Martin Luther
   
4. 
   Pope Paul III
   
5. 
   Menno Simons
   

4. 
   Which of the following was most important in discovering the way in which the human body’s blood circulatory system works?
   
   1. 
      Robert Koch
      
   2. 
      Anton van Leeuwenhoek
      
   3. 
      William Harvey
      
   4. 
      Andreas Vesalius
      
   5. 
      Edward Jenner
      

7. 
   What was the significance of the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile?
   

1. 
   It brought Spain into an alliance with France.
   
2. 
   It signaled the rise of the hacienda as a powerful political institution.
   
3. 
   It united the two largest states in Spain under one kingdom.
   
4. 
   It signaled the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
   
5. 
   It ushered a new era of Muslim invasions into southern Spain.
   

8. 
   Which of the following denounced the secularism of the Renaissance and created a theocratic republic in Florence in the late-fifteenth century?
   
   1. 
      Girolamo Savonarola
      
   2. 
      Leonardo Bruni
      
   3. 
      Cesare Borgia
      
   4. 
      Cosimo d’ Medici
      
   5. 
      Pope Julius II
      

9. 
   Which of the following statements best reflects the Elizabethan Settlement during late-sixteenth century?
   
   1. 
      The doctrine of the Anglican Church was essentially Calvinist.
      
   2. 
      The doctrine of the Anglican Church returned to its original form under Henry VIII.
      
   3. 
      The doctrine of the Anglican Church was essentially Protestant with some Catholic rituals.
      
   4. 
      The doctrine of the Anglican Church remained fiercely Catholic.
      
   5. 
      The doctrine of the Anglican Church allowed clergy members to marry and reinstated monasteries.
      

10. 
    Which of the following further developed absolutism in France by introducing the intendant system?
    

1. 
   Henry IV
   
2. 
   Francis I
   
3. 
   Cardinal Richelieu
   
4. 
   Louis XIV
   
5. 
   Jean-Baptiste Colbert
   

11. 
    Which one of the following statements best characterizes the differences between John Locke’s “state of nature” and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s “state of nature?”
    

1. 
   Locke called for reform; Rousseau was satisfied with the status quo.
   
2. 
   Rousseau’s “state of nature” did not have political connotations.
   
3. 
   Rousseau’s “state of nature” was one of economic equality.
   
4. 
   Locke’s “state of nature” ended with a “social contract,” while Rousseau’s did not.
   
5. 
   Locke’s “state of nature” envisioned a violent and dangerous society.
   

12. 
    While France developed absolutism during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the English monarchy was checked by
    

1. 
   a strong peasantry
   
2. 
   a few powerful and independent noble families
   
3. 
   a Bill of Rights guaranteeing individual freedoms
   
4. 
   the Anglican Church
   
5. 
   a strong Parliament
   

14. 
    The largest European import from the New World that required massive African slave labor in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was
    
    1. 
       sugar
       
    2. 
       tobacco
       
    3. 
       gold and silver
       
    4. 
       rice
       
    5. 
       potatoes
       

15. 
    Which of the following treaties represented the biggest setback for France in terms of lost territory?
    
    1. 
       Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 1559
       
    2. 
       Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
       
    3. 
       Treaty of Paris, 1763
       
    4. 
       Treaty of Paris, 1783
       
    5. 
       Treaty of Versailles, 1919
       

16. 
    Which of the following pairs of philosophers are most closely identified with skepticism?
    
    1. 
       Pico and Ficino
       
    2. 
       Montaigne and Hume
       
    3. 
       Bodin and Bossuet
       
    4. 
       Kant and Hegel
       
    5. 
       Dumas and Zola
       

17. 
    All of the following were new technologies used during World War One EXCEPT
    
    1. 
       radio
       
    2. 
       chemical weapons
       
    3. 
       telephones
       
    4. 
       submarines
       
    5. 
       airplanes
       

18. 
    A major cause of the War of Austrian Succession was Frederick the Great’s violation of the
    
    1. 
       Pragmatic Sanction
       
    2. 
       Concordat of Bologna
       
    3. 
       Edict of Fountainbleu
       
    4. 
       Edict of Restitution
       
    5. 
       asiento
       

19. 
    Which of the following rulers had the biggest impact on reshaping Russia’s social structure?
    
    1. 
       Ivan the IV
       
    2. 
       Michael Romanov
       
    3. 
       Peter the Great
       
    4. 
       Catherine the Great
       
    5. 
       Alexander II
       

20. 
    Which of the following was most important in defending Protestant self-rule in the Netherlands in the late sixteenth century?
    
    1. 
       Mary Tudor
       
    2. 
       Charles V
       
    3. 
       William of Orange
       
    4. 
       Catherine de Medicis
       
    5. 
       Henry IV
       

21. 
    Robert Walpole was notable for
    

1. 
   being the first English prime minister
   
2. 
   working to perfect the steam engine
   
3. 
   leading the British trade union movement
   
4. 
   innovation as a physicist
   
5. 
   writing romantic poetry
   

24. 
    The historical significance of Prince Henry the Navigator was his
    
    1. 
       centralization of power that became the model for the “New Monarchs”
       
    2. 
       discovery of Brazil in the early-fifteenth century with the use of modern instruments
       
    3. 
       failure to maintain Catholic dominance in the Low Countries
       
    4. 
       encouragement of Portuguese expeditions on the western coast of Africa
       
    5. 
       role in instigating the religiously-motivated French Civil Wars
       

25. 
    Which of the following is NOT a provision of the English Bill of Rights (1689)?
    

1. 
   Only Parliament can levy taxes.
   
2. 
   The king may maintain a standing army without the consent of Parliament.
   
3. 
   All rights must be made with the consent of Parliament.
   
4. 
   The right of trial by jury is guaranteed.
   
5. 
   Due process of law is guaranteed.
   

26. 
    Which of the following was the most important cause of the population explosion in Europe after 1750?
    
    1. 
       The industrial revolution
       
    2. 
       The eradication of the bubonic plague
       
    3. 
       The agricultural revolution
       
    4. 
       The smallpox vaccine
       
    5. 
       The decrease in illegitimate births
       

27. 
    Women played important roles in all of the following movements EXCEPT
    
    1. 
       the Protestant Reformation
       
    2. 
       the French salon movement
       
    3. 
       the French Revolution
       
    4. 
       the Russian Revolution
       
    5. 
       the socialist movement
       
28. 
    Which of the following was a result of the Thirty Years’ War?
    

1. 
   The independence of Belgium
   
2. 
   The decline of Lutheranism in northern Germany
   
3. 
   The death of approximately one-third of the German population
   
4. 
   The acquisition for Russia of territory on the Baltic Sea
   
5. 
   The end to the expansionist ambitions of Louis XIV
   

29. 
    Which of the following was most important in reducing the political power of the nobility in early modern Europe?
    
    1. 
       Increase in the use of mercenary armies
       
    2. 
       Introduction of firearms and cannon
       
    3. 
       Use of the crossbow
       
    4. 
       Rise in the influence of knights and vassals
       
    5. 
       Naval warfare
       

30. 
    Which of the following had the largest impact on the development of deism in the eighteenth century?
    
    1. 
       John Wesley and the emergence of Methodism.
       
    2. 
       The universal laws of gravitation proposed by Isaac Newton.
       
    3. 
       The rise of superstition due to natural calamities.
       
    4. 
       European colonial penetration into the interior of Asia.
       
    5. 
       The American and French Revolutions.
       

33. 
    Which of the following is most closely associated with nineteenth-century nationalism?
    

1. 
   John Stuart Mill
   
2. 
   Friederich Engels
   
3. 
   Johann Gottfried Herder
   
4. 
   Keir Hardie
   
5. 
   Rosa Luxemburg
   

34. 
    The impact of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 on European diplomacy differed from the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) because the Congress of Vienna
    
    1. 
       prevented a major world war for nearly a century
       
    2. 
       promoted liberalism and capitalism throughout Europe
       
    3. 
       created numerous independent states based on ethnic and linguistic unity
       
    4. 
       failed to create a coalition of major countries that would ensure a balance of power
       
    5. 
       toppled Old Regime monarchies and replaced them with new ruling families
       

35. 
    In the period from 1852 to 1871, when Napoleon III was leader, France could best be described as a(an)
    
    1. 
       permanent republic
       
    2. 
       absolute monarchy
       
    3. 
       constitutional monarchy
       
    4. 
       socialist commonwealth
       
    5. 
       liberal democracy
       

36. 
    Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the middle class in western Europe in the mid-nineteenth century?
    
    1. 
       Married women enjoyed increased job opportunities.
       
    2. 
       The average family grew in size due to increased wealth.
       
    3. 
       The standard of living decreased as industrialism replaced skilled craft occupations.
       
    4. 
       Morality and education issues often dictated family decisions.
       
    5. 
       Children were increasingly separated from their families due to the changing economy.
       

37. 
    All of the following are examples of conservative political measures in Europe between 1815 and 1850 EXCEPT
    
    1. 
       the Carlsbad Decrees
       
    2. 
       the Peterloo Massacre
       
    3. 
       the Holy Alliance
       
    4. 
       the repeal of the Corn Laws
       
    5. 
       the Congress System
       

38. 
    A distinguishing feature of the Austrian Empire in the nineteenth century was its
    
    1. 
       incorporation of an influential liberal parliament alongside a conservative monarchy
       
    2. 
       struggle to resolve conflicts among large groups of ethnic minorities
       
    3. 
       cultural unity and political cohesion compared to other eastern European states
       
    4. 
       rapid industrialization and dominance of manufacturing in central Europe
       
    5. 
       military dominance after 1850
       

51. 
    “…It is not by speeches and majority resolutions that the great questions of the time are decided – that was the big mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by iron and blood.
    

Which of the following statements best reflects the above quote?

1. 
   Bismarck sought to make Prussia the nucleus of a newly unified Germany.
   
2. 
   Bismarck sought Germany’s military conquest of Europe.
   
3. 
   Bismarck sought to oppress Jews throughout the German states.
   
4. 
   Bismarck sought to limit the power of the German Reichstag.
   
5. 
   Bismarck sought to support the major goals of the German Socialist Party.
   

52. 
    Which of the following trends best reflects the average western European family by 1900?
    
    1. 
       Lower numbers of children per family on average
       
    2. 
       Movement away from a single nuclear family living in a single household
       
    3. 
       Higher rate of well-educated women entering the workforce
       
    4. 
       Increasingly over-crowded living conditions
       
    5. 
       Increased reliance on child labor to help families meet rising living expenses
       

53. 
    Which of the following Europeans promoted Zionism, a proposal for a new Jewish homeland in Palestine?
    
    1. 
       Flora Tristan
       
    2. 
       Theodore Herzl
       
    3. 
       Karl Lueger
       
    4. 
       Benjamin Disraeli
       
    5. 
       Keir Hardie
       

54. 
    Which of the following was the first European country to dominate the interior of sub-Saharan Africa after 1870?
    
    1. 
       Italy
       
    2. 
       Germany
       
    3. 
       Belgium
       
    4. 
       Portugal
       
    5. 
       France
       

55. 
    Napoleon’s plan to invade England was thwarted by the
    
    1. 
       Battle of Trafalgar
       
    2. 
       Battle of Lepanto
       
    3. 
       Battle of Borodino
       
    4. 
       Peninsular War
       
    5. 
       Battle of Austerlitz
       

56. 
    Which of the following composers was most important in developing atonal music and the twelve-tone row?
    
    1. 
       Richard Wagner
       
    2. 
       Arnold Schönberg
       
    3. 
       Claude Debussy
       
    4. 
       Richard Strauss
       
    5. 
       Wassily Kandinsky
       

“The National Razor”

57. 
    Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the above French Revolutionary-era political cartoon?
    

2. 
   Though regrettable, executions were necessary to preserve the revolution.
   
3. 
   The Guillotine was a humane instrument of mercy inspired by Enlightenment views.
   
4. 
   The Reign of Terror had become excessive in its violence.
   
5. 
   Robespierre’s leadership was effective in inspiring the masses.
   

58. 
    Which of the following succeeded in gaining its permanent independence in the period between 1815 and 1848?
    
    1. 
       Poland
       
    2. 
       Hungary
       
    3. 
       Italy
       
    4. 
       Greece
       
    5. 
       Switzerland
       

59. 
    The middle-class feminists of England in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries
    
    1. 
       worked for property rights and then voting rights for women
       
    2. 
       were influenced by utopian socialism
       
    3. 
       supported strong nationalistic goals and imperialist ventures
       
    4. 
       rejected the militant tactics of earlier feminists
       
    5. 
       generally supported separate spheres for men and women
       

60. 
    Which of the following events had the most divisive and negative impact on politics within the country in which it occurred?
    
    1. 
       The Ems Dispatch
       
    2. 
       The “Humiliation of Olmutz”
       
    3. 
       The Dreyfus Affair
       
    4. 
       The Kruger Telegram
       
    5. 
       The Fashoda Crisis
       

61. 
    The Russian Revolution in February 1917 was started by
    
    1. 
       Bolshevik Revolutionaries
       
    2. 
       the Petrograd Soviet
       
    3. 
       Grigorii Rasputin
       
    4. 
       a mutiny by sailors
       
    5. 
       women rioting for bread
       

62. 
    During the late-nineteenth century, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
    
    1. 
       conventional morality was suffocating individual achievement.
       
    2. 
       philosophy is only the logical clarification of thought.
       
    3. 
       human beings are motivated by primal desires.
       
    4. 
       religious belief provided stability in an absurd world.
       
    5. 
       the masses contained wisdom for the creation of a new and better society.
       

63. 
    Which of the following rulers could be considered the most powerful ruler in the world during his time?
    
    1. 
       Ludovico the Moor
       
    2. 
       Sulieman the Magnificent
       
    3. 
       Cosimo d’ Medici
       
    4. 
       Joseph II
       
    5. 
       Napoleon III
       

64. 
    All of the following became a newly independent country as a result of World War One EXCEPT
    
    1. 
       Czechoslovakia
       
    2. 
       Yugoslavia
       
    3. 
       Albania
       
    4. 
       Poland
       
    5. 
       Finland
       

65. 
    Great Britain entered World War One as a direct response to
    
    1. 
       the sinking of the Lusitania
       
    2. 
       Germany’s naval blockade of European ports
       
    3. 
       Germany’s invasion of Belgium
       
    4. 
       Austria-Hungary’s invasion of Serbia
       
    5. 
       the Russian Revolution
       

66. 
    The psychological ideas of Sigmund Freud were influential after World War One because they
    
    1. 
       renewed public interest in the physics of Isaac Newton
       
    2. 
       encouraged violent revolution if governments were overly oppressive
       
    3. 
       theorized that human society would continue to evolve in positive ways even though the war was catastrophic
       
    4. 
       validated the views of Social Darwinists
       
    5. 
       reflected the irrational nature of the human subconscious
       

67. 
    Germany failed to achieve its objective of defeating France quickly at the outset of World War One as a result of the
    
    1. 
       Battle of Verdun
       
    2. 
       Battle of the Somme
       
    3. 
       Battle of the Marne
       
    4. 
       Meuse-Argonne Offensive
       
    5. 
       Gallipoli Campaign
       

68. 
    The “New Science” in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries was significant because it
    
    1. 
       established Albert Einstein’s concept of the universe as more stable and knowable than the universe of Isaac Newton
       
    2. 
       challenged Charles Darwin’s underlying principles on evolution
       
    3. 
       created uncertainties in the ability of science to provide absolute answers in physics and astronomy
       
    4. 
       disproved previously held theories dealing with sub-atomic energy
       
    5. 
       led to the rise of positivism by such thinkers as Auguste Comte
       

69. 
    The French Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution were similar in that
    
    1. 
       both dramatically increased the equality of women.
       
    2. 
       both found themselves alone against foreign powers.
       
    3. 
       both were influenced to some extent by the ideas of Karl Marx.
       
    4. 
       both supported international wars to rally the people.
       
    5. 
       both were directly responsible for overthrowing the monarchy.
       

70. 
    Of the following, which pair of authors is most closely associated with realism after 1850?
    

1. 
   Zola and Ibsen
   
2. 
   Wordsworth and Coleridge
   
3. 
   Moliere and Racine
   
4. 
   Scott and Dumas
   
5. 
   Spencer and Huxley
   

71. 
    The fatal blunder made by Russia’s Provisional Government in 1917 was
    
    1. 
       continuing the war effort
       
    2. 
       confiscating and redistributing noble lands
       
    3. 
       instituting legal and political equality
       
    4. 
       suppressing the Petrograd Soviet
       
    5. 
       refusing Lenin’s participation in the government
       

72. 
    Which of the following was most responsible for helping Germany to recover economically during the 1920s?
    
    1. 
       The Locarno Pact
       
    2. 
       The Dawes Plan
       
    3. 
       The Ruhr Crisis
       
    4. 
       Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty
       
    5. 
       The Kellogg-Briand Pact
       

73. 
    The political party that emerged as the leader of the Weimar Republic after World War I was the
    
    1. 
       National Socialist German Worker’s Party
       
    2. 
       Catholic Center Party
       
    3. 
       Communist Party
       
    4. 
       Democratic Socialist Party
       
    5. 
       Conservative Party
       

74. 
    The most notable critic of European imperialism in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries was
    
    1. 
       Herbert Spencer
       
    2. 
       Jules Ferry
       
    3. 
       J. A. Hobson
       
    4. 
       Rudyard Kipling
       
    5. 
       Cecil Rhodes
       

75. 
    Which of the following best represents the ideas of John Maynard Keynes regarding the Versailles Treaty (1919)?
    
    1. 
       He fully supported Georges Clemenceau’s objectives regarding French economic and military security.
       
    2. 
       He condemned Britain’s refusal to join the League of Nations.
       
    3. 
       He argued that a healthy German economy was crucial to Europe’s economic recovery from the war.
       
    4. 
       He called for increased military spending.
       
    5. 
       He criticized the League of Nations as a ploy by the United States to dominate Europe economically.
       

76. 
    European women generally experienced which of the following conditions during World War One?
    
    1. 
       A return to more traditional gender roles.
       
    2. 
       Increased combat roles in the military.
       
    3. 
       Full legal equality.
       
    4. 
       Highly restrictive wartime legislation regulating marriage and birth rates.
       
    5. 
       Increased economic opportunities in industry and transportation.
       

77. 
    Which of the following best reflects the political philosophy of Vladimir Lenin?
    
    1. 
       Socialist revisionism was the most effective method to gain political power.
       
    2. 
       A socialist revolution could only occur in a fully industrialized country.
       
    3. 
       World War I was an effective opportunity for exporting an international communist revolution.
       
    4. 
       The “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” could only occur through the leadership of a small revolutionary elite.
       
    5. 
       Marx’s prediction of violent revolution was no longer necessary given the power of the communist party in Russia.
       

78. 
    Which of the following statements regarding Bauhaus movement in Germany is true?
    
    1. 
       It reflected the ideals of the newly unified Germany Empire.
       
    2. 
       It strongly rejected middle-class values.
       
    3. 
       It emphasized art for art’s sake.
       
    4. 
       It emphasized that the form of a building should follow its function.
       
    5. 
       It combined Dadaism and Futurism to achieve total abstraction.
       

79. 
    As a result of the Congress of Berlin in 1878
    
    1. 
       Russia gained large territories in the Black Sea Region.
       
    2. 
       Germany and Russia made a military alliance.
       
    3. 
       new states of Romania and Serbia were created.
       
    4. 
       the Austria-Hungarian Empire lost significant territory in the Balkans.
       
    5. 
       the Ottoman Empire gained sole control of the Danubian principalities.