Edited under the supervision of herbert weir smyth
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- ALL EIGHTS RESERVED
- HERBERT WEIR
- THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS
| GREEK SERIES FOR COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS
EDITED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, ph.d. _ ELIOT PROFESSOR OF GREEK LITERATURE IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY VOLUMES OF THE SERIES GREEK GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. By the Editor, Prof. Herbert Weir Smyth. GREEK GRAMMAR FOR COLLEGES. By the Editor, Prof. Herbert Weir Smyth. BEGINNER'S GREEK BOOK. Prof. Alien R. Benner, Phillips Academy, An- dover; and the Editor. BRIEF GREEK SYNTAX. Prof. Louis Bevier, Jr., Rutgers College. GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION FOR SCHOOLS. Clarence W. Gleason, Volkmann School, Boston, GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION FOR COLLEGES. Prof. Edward h. Spieker, Johns Hopkins University. AESCHYLUS. PROMETHEUS. Prof. J. E. Harry, University of Cincinnati. ARISTOPHANES. CLOUDS. Dr. L. L. Forman, Cornell University. DEMOSTHENES. on THE CROWN. Prof. Milton W. Humphreys, University of Virginia. EURIPIDES. IPHIGENIA IN tauris. Prof. William N. Bates, University of Pennsylvania. EURIPIDES. MEDEA. Prof. Mortimer Lamson Earle, Columbia University. HERODOTUS. BOOKS VII.-VIII. Prof. Charles Forster Smith and Prof. Arthur Gordon Laird, University of Wisconsin. HOMER. ILIAD. Prof. J. R. S. Sterrett, Cornell University. books I.-HI. books I.-III. and selections. LYSIAS. Prof. Charles D. Adams, Dartmouth College. PLATO. APOLOGY AND crito. Prof. Isaac Flagg, University of California. PLATO. EUTHYPHRO. Prof. William A. Heidel, Wesleyan University. THEOCRITUS. Prof. Henry R. Fairclough and Prof. Augustus T. Murray, Leland Stanford Jr. University. THUCYDIDES. BOOKS II.-III. Prof. W. A. Lamberton, University of Pennsylvania. XENOPHON. ANABASIS. Books I.-IV. Dr. M. W. Mather, Instructor in Harvard University, and Prof. J. W. Hewitt, Wesleyan University. XENOPHON. HELLENICA (Selections). Prof. Carleton L. Brownson, College of the City of New York. GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY. Prof. Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University, and Prof. James R. Wheeler, Columbia University. GREEK LITERATURE. Dr. Wilmer Cave Wright, Bryn Mawr College. GREEK RELIGION. Arthur Fairbanks, Ph.D., Litt.D., Director of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. GREEK SCULPTURE. Prof. Rufus B. Richardson, formerly Director of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens. INTRODUCTION TO THE GREEK DRAMA. Prof, chandler R. Post, Harvard University. A GREEK GRAMMAR FOR COLLEGES BY MO. HERBERT WEIR SMYTH ph.d., university of gottingen eliot professor op greek literature in harvard university AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA copyright, 1920, by HERBERT WEffi SMTTH ALL EIGHTS RESERVED SMYTH. GREEK GRAMMAR FOR COLLEGES W. P. I Calvin College Library No. PREFACE the present book, apart from its greater extent and certain differences of statement and arrangement, has, in general, the same plan as the author's Greek Grammar for Schools and Colleges. It is a descriptive, not an historical, nor a comparative, grammar. Though it has adopted many of the assured results of Comparative Linguistics, especially in the field of Analogy, it has excluded much of the more complicated matter that belongs to a purely scientific treatment of the problems of Morphology. It has been my purpose to set forth the essential forms of Attic speech, and of the other dialects, as far as they appear in literature; to devote greater attention to the Formation of Words and to the Particles than is usually given to these subjects except in much more extensive works ; and to supplement the statement of the principles of Syntax with information that will prove of service to the student as his knowledge widens and deepens. As to the extent of all amplification of the bare facts of Morphology and Syntax, probably no two makers of a book of this character, necessarily restricted by considerations of space, will be of the same mind. I can only hope that I have attained such a measure of success as will commend itself to the judgment of those who are engaged in teaching Greek in our colleges and universities. I trust, however, that the extent of the enlarged work may lead no one to the opinion that I advocate the study of formal grammar as an end in itself; though I would have every student come to know, and the sooner the better, that without an exact knowledge of the language there can be no thorough appreciation of the literature of Ancient Greece, or of any other land ancient or modern. In addition to the authorities mentioned on page 5, I have consulted with profit Delbriick's Syntaktische Forschungen, Gilder-sleeve's numerous and illuminating papers in the American Journal of Philology and in the Transactions of the American Philological Association, Schanz's Beitrcige zur historischen Syntax der griechischen Sprache, Kiddell's Digest of Platonic Idioms, La Roche's Gramma-tische Studien in the Zeitschrift fur oesterreichische Gymnasien for 1904, Forman's Selections from Plato, Schulze's Quaestiones VI Epicae, Hale's Extended and Remote Deliberatives in Greek in the Transactions of the American Philological Association for 1893, Harry's two articles, Tlie Omission of the Article with Substantives after outo«, 6'Se, cxeivos in Prose in the Transactions for 1898, and The Perfect Subjunctive, Optative^ and Imperative in GreeJc in the Classical Review for 1905, Headlam's Greek Prohibitions in the Classical Review for 1905, Marchant's papers on The Agent in the Attic Orators in the same journal for 1889, Miss Meissner's dissertation on yap (University of Chicago), Stahl's Kritisch-historische Syntax des griechischerf Verbums, and Wright's Comparative Grammar of the GreeJc Language. I have examined many school grammars of Greek in English, German, and French, among which I would particularize those of Hadley-Allen, Goodwin, Babbitt, Goodell, Sonnenschein, Kaegi, Koch, Croiset et Petitjean. I am much indebted also to Thompson's Greek Syntax, I would finally express my thanks for helpful criticism from Professor Alien E,. Benner of Andover Academy, Professor Haven D. Brackett of Clark College, Professor Hermann Collitz of the Johns Hopkins University, Professor Archibald L. Hodges of the Wadleigh High School, New York, Dr. Maurice W. Mather, formerly Instructor in Harvard University, Professor Hanns Oertel of Yale University, and Professor Prank E. Woodruff of Bowdoin College. Dr. J. W. H. Walden, formerly Instructor in Harvard, has lent me invaluable aid by placing at my service his knowledge and skill in the preparation of the Indices. HERBERT WEIR SMYTH. cambridge, Aug. 1, 1918. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PAGE The Greek Language and its Dialects ........ 1 Advanced Works on Grammar and Dialects . . . . . . 5 Abbreviations ............ 6 PART I: LETTERS, SOUNDS, SYLLABLES, ACCENT The Alphabet ............ 7 Vowels and Diphthongs ..... ..... 8 Breathings ............. 9 Consonants and their Divisions ......... 10 Pronunciation . . . . . . . ... . . 12 Vowel Change ............ 14 Euphony of Vowels . ... ... .... 18 Hiatus ..... ........ 18 Contraction . . ... ....... 19 Synizesis . . ..... ..... 21 Crasis ............. 22 Elision ............. 23 Aphaeresis ............ 24 Euphony of Consonants ......... 24-33 Final Consonants ............ 33 Movable Consonants ........... 34 Syllables, and their Quantity ........ 34-36 Accent: General Principles . . . . . . . • • . • 37 Accent as affected by Contraction, Crasis, Elision .... 40 Change of Accent in Declension, Inflection, and Composition . . 41 Proclitics and Enclitics .......... 41, 42 Marks of Punctuation ........... 43 PART II: INFLECTION Parts of Speech, Stems, Roots . . . . . , . . .44 Declension: Number, Gender, Cases . ... . . . • • 45, 46 Rules for Accent of Nouns, Case Endings of Nouns ... 47, 48 declension of substantives ........ 48-72 First Declension (Stems in 5) . . . . , . . . 48-52 Second Declension (Stems in o) . . . . . • 53-56 vii XVI CONTENTS NEGATIVE SENTENCES Difference between ov and /j.-ti • . . . . . . . . 608 Position of ov and /j.'f/ . . . . . . . . . 609 oi> Adherescent ............ 610 oiy after «' (edc) .... ......... 611 ov and /*i} with Indicative and Optative . . . . . . 612 /j.t/ with Subjunctive and Imperative . . . . . . ... 614 Negatives of. Indirect Discourse . . . . . . . . .615 ov and f/i with the Infinitive . . . . . . . . 615-618 Not in Indirect Discourse ......... 615 In Indirect Discourse . . . . . . . . . ,617 ov and p-f/ with the Participle ......... 618 ov and u.'fi with Substantives and Adjectives used Substantively . . . 610 ovdets, pATjSeis ............. 620 Apparent Exchange of ov and ^,17 ......... 620 /j.'fl and /j.t] ov with the Infinitive depending on Verbs of Negative Meaning . 622 /iri) ov with the Infinitive depending on Negatived Verbs .... 624 H^ ov with the Participle depending on Negatived Verbs . , . 625 fi-fl and fj,^ ov with the Subjunctive and Indicative ..... 626 Redundant ov with ir\^v, etc. ......... 626 ov fj.r/ .............. 620 Negatives with &are and the Infinitive . . . . . . . .627 Accumulation of Negatives .......... 628 Some Negative Phrases .......... 629 PARTICLES General View . . . . . . . . . . . .631 List of Particles ........... 632-671 FIGURES List of Grammatical and Rhetorical Figures 671-683 Appendix : List of Verbs ......... 684-722 English Index ........... 723-756 Greek Index ........... 757-784 INTRODUCTION THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS A. Greek, the language of the inhabitants of Greece, has been constantly spoken from the time of Homer to the present day. The inhabitants of ancient Greece and other Greeks dwelling in the islands and on the coasts of the Mediterranean called themselves (as do the modern Greeks) by the name Hellenes ("EXA^ves), their country Hellas ('EAAas), and their language the Hellenic (17 'EAA^viK?) yXSrra). We call them Greeks from the Latin Graeci, the name given them by the Romans, who applied to the entire people a name properly restricted to the Tpaloi, the first Hellenes of whom the Eomans had knowledge. N. 1. — Gh-aeci (older G-raici} contains a Latin suffix -ieus; and the ns,m9 TpaiKoi, which occurs first in Aristotle, is "borrowed from Latin. The Roman designation is derived either from the Tpcuoi, a Boeotian tribe that took part in the colonization of Cyme in Italy, or from the Tpatoi, a larger tribe of the same stock that lived in Epirus. N. 2. — No collective name for ' all Greece ' appears in Homer, to whom the Hellenes are the inhabitants of Hellas, a district forming part of the kingdom of Peleus (B 683) and situated in the S.B. of the country later called Thessaly, 'BXXds for ' all Greece ' occurs first in Hesiod. The Greeks in general are callei by Homer A%cuo£, A-pyelot, Aarao£. B. Greek is related to the languages of the Indians (Sanskrit), Persians (Zend), Armenians, Albanians, Slavonians, Lithuanians, Romans, Celts, and Germans. These various languages are all of the same stock, and together constitute the Indo-European family of languages. An important relation of Greek to English, which is a branch of the Germanic tongue, is illustrated by Grimm's law of the 'permutation of consonants': *•=/ father r = th rpets three KapSla heart thorp two 7 = c(K) Hypos bear Otjpa door goose- The above English words are said to be cognate with the Greek words. Derived words, such as geography, theatre, are borrowed, directly or indirectly, from the Greek (yewypa^id, Oearpov). GKEEK GRAM. —— 1 2 INTRODUCTION C. At the earliest known period of its history the Greek language was divided into dialects. Corresponding to the chief divisions of the Greeks into Aeolians, Dorians, and lonians (a division unknown to Homer), three groups of dialects are commonly distinguished: Aeolic, Doric, and Ionic, of which Attic is a sister dialect. Aeolic and Doric are more nearly related to each other than is either to Ionic. Aeolic: spoken in Aeolis, Lesbos, and kindred with the dialect of Thessaly (except Phthiotis) and of Boeotia (though Boeotian has many Doric ingredients). In this book 'Aeolic' means Lesbian Aeolic. N. 1. — Aeolic retains primitive a (30) ; changes t before i to a (115) ; has recessive accent (162 D.), and many other peculiarities. Doric: spoken in Peloponnesus (except Arcadia and Elis), in several of the islands of the Aegean (Crete, Melos, Thera, Ehodes, etc.), in parts of Sicily and in Southern Italy. N. 2.— Doric retains primitive 5 (30), keeps t before i (115 T).). Almost all Doric dialects have -,ues for -/tec (462 D.), the infinitive in -/j.et> for -cot (469 D.), the future in -fw from verbs in -fw (516 D.), the future in - N. 3.— The sub-dialects of Laconia, Crete, and Southern Italy, and of their several colonies, are often called Severer (or Old) Doric; the others are called Milder (or New) Doric. Severer Doric has 17 and ia where Milder Doric has « and ok (59 D. 4, 5 ; 230 D.). There are also differences in verbal forms (654). Ionic: spoken in Ionia, in most of the islands of the Aegean, in a few towns of Sicily, etc. N. 4. —Ionic changes primitive a to 77 (30) ; changes t before i to a (115) ; has lost digamma, which is still found in Aeolic and Doric ; often refuses to contract vowels; keeps a mute smooth before the rough breathing (124 D.) ; has k for it in pronominal forms (132 D.). N. 5. — The following dialects do not fall under the above divisions : Arcadian (and the kindred Cyprian, which are often classed with Aeolic), Elean, and the dialects of N.W. Greece (Locris, Phocis, Aetolia, Acarnania, Epirus, etc.). N.W. Greek resembles Doric. N. 6. — The dialects that retain a (30) are called A dialects (Aeolic, Doric, etc.); Ionic and Attic are the only H dialects. The Eastern dialects (Aeolic, Ionic) change ri to ai (115). N. 7. — The local dialects, with the exception of Tzaconian (a Laconian idiom), died out gradually and ceased to exist by 300 a.d. D. The chief dialects that occur in literature are as follows (almost all poetry is composed in a mixture of dialects): Aeolic: in the Lesbian lyric poets Alcaeus and Sappho (600 b.c.). Numerous Aeolisms appear in epic poetry, and some in tragedy. Theocritus' idylls 28-30 are in Aeolic. Doric : in many lyric poets, notably in Pindar (born 522 b.c.) ; in the bucolic (pastoral) poetry of Theocritus (about 310-about 245 b.c.). Both of these poets INTRODUCTION 3 adopt some epic and Aeolic forms. The choral parts of Attic tragedy also admit some Doric forms. There is no Doric, as there is no Aeolic, literary prose. Download 263.92 Kb. Share with your friends:
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