X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Sorting – Materials can be identified by the emission of characteristic fluorescent X-rays released when bombarded with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays;107
Bioremediation – Metal-tolerant bacteria may be used to release metals from treated wood fibre. A two-stage process of oxalic acid extraction followed by bioremediation has also been found to be more effective than bioremediation alone;109
Recycling – This involves creating new wood composites with the requirement for rot- or pesticide-resistance;110,111
