Classics 21201 English Words From Classical Elements

1:10-2:00, MWF

308E Satterfield Hall e-mail: rlarson@kent.edu

Office Hours: 12-1 MW, 10-11 TR, or by appt.

1. Donald Ayers, English Words From Latin and Greek Elements, 2nd Ed.

2. Course packet of supplemental materials.

3. A dictionary that includes word etymologies. Suitable dictionaries are listed in Ayers (p. 16).

Test 1 -- February 5 (Fri.)

Test 2 -- February 26 (Fri.)

Test 3 -- March 22 (Mon.)

Test 4 -- April 19 (Mon.)
Each of the four unit tests and the final exam are worth 20% of your grade. The grading scale is a ten-point scale: 100-90=A, 89-80=B, 79-70=C, 69-60=D, 59 and below, F. There will be no “extra credit” projects.
The final exam is on May 11, 10:15-12:30 p.m. It will be a cumulative exam.
Make-up policy: Permission in all cases must be obtained from the instructor PRIOR to the scheduled test time. Illness or family emergency are the only acceptable reasons for missing a test, both of which will require documentation before permission to take the make-up test is granted. I expect that you phone me, not e-mail me.
If you miss a test or make-up test without notifying me before the time of the test, the grade will be entered as a zero.
Study strategies: In the LER requirements this course is considered equivalent to College Algebra or Introductory Logic. It requires more memorization than most courses.
The two cardinal rules for success are:

(1) Do not fall behind, and

(2) Use flashcards and/or other active methods of learning the material.

Worksheets for Classics 21201 English Words From Classical Elements

1. The vault of the sky is called the ______________________ in the Bible and in poetry. (“firm, strong”)

2. The belief that nothing exists, is known, or can be known is called _________________. (“nothing”)

3. This class can help you improve your _______________ skills. (“word”)

4. Often young people feel ___________________ from the rest of society. (“of another”)

5. Scientists are still debating whether the universe is _____________; whether it has a limit. (“end, limit”)

6. By digging on the sites of ancient civilizations, we have recovered many interesting ______________________. (“art, skill;” an object produced by human workmanship, esp. one of historical interest)

7. Priests’ robes are called __________________. (“garment”)

8. After the death of a family member, people need time to ______________. (“heavy”)

Lessons 2 and 3
Using the bases and where appropriate, the prefixes from Lessons 2 and 3, fill in the blanks. The part of the clue in quotation marks gives you the word elements; the rest of the clue is a definition of the word needed. You may need to use your dictionary:

1. According to the law the land was __________.

(“not” + “of another;” not able to be sold or transferred to others)

2. The negotiations failed because neither side would make ________.

(“with” + “go, yield”; acts of yielding)

3. His defense attorney was able to _________ new information in his favor. (“to, toward” + “lead”; cite as example or means of proof)

4. The ___________ of the nominee was delayed because of scandalous rumors. (“with” + “firm;” ratification or acceptance into membership)

5. The citizens of the flood-stricken states have shown great _____________. (“strong;” strength of mind that allows one to endure pain)

6. They will __________to the kidnapper’s demands for ransom money. (“to, toward” + “go, yield;” give consent, agree)

7. The officer can ___________ the location of the stolen car. (“down” + “lead;” to reach a conclusion by reasoning)

8. Many members of the press _________Ms. Clinton’s taste in hats.

(“down” + “request;” belittle, express disapproval of)

9. Members of the Temperance movement _________ the use of alcohol.

(“away” + “take an oath” solemnly recant, renounce)

1. The worker’s __________________ was addressed by the management when the union intervened.

2. The professor tries to _____________knowledge to the students.

3. Please memorize this message and repeat it_________________ to agent X in Havana.

4. He wished to be buried in ____________________ ground.

5. Who will _______________ at this meeting?

6. Hobbes ______________described the life of early humans as “nasty, brutish and short.”

7. _______________ consumption of alcohol leads to cirrhosis of the liver.

8. Any competent magician can _____________ a rabbit out of a hat.

9. His ________________ speech was difficult for me to understand.

10. The cat was perched in a _________________ position atop the bookshelf.
precarious - grievance - conjure - impart - colloquial – verbatim- consecrated - preside - aptly - excess

Lesson 4
Tell whether the words below use the prefix IN-,IM- meaning “not” or the prefix IN-, IM- meaning “in, into, against”:
intrusion, infirmity, inalienable, impart, investment, inference, inflamed, ineligible, ignoble, illegible, impact, incessant, induce, injustice, imprecate.
Using the bases from lesson 4 and, where appropriate, the prefixes you have learned, fill in the blanks:

1. Her popularity was due in part to her _________ personality.

(“flock”; tending to seek the company of others)

2. At this crossing __________ have the right of way.

(“foot”; people on foot)

3. Some art critics called Pavarotti’s paintings _____________.

(“foot”; commonplace, undistinguished)

4. As they entered the shop they noticed the ___________ odor of raw onions.

(“prick, sharp”; sharp to taste or smell)

5. Some churches are built in a ____________ pattern. (“cross”; cross-shaped)

6. “Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit ___________.”

(“in, on” + “foot”; obstacles)

7. The __________ of the U.S. cent shows President Lincoln. (“toward, facing” + “turn”; side of a coin showing the date or principal stamp-opposite of reverse)

8. The injection caused an ________ reaction.

(“to, toward” + “turn”; unfavorable)

9. The ___________ of the island have no electricity. ( “in” + “have, hold”; residents)

1. President Nixon’s __________ resulted in his resignation from office.

(“across” + “step”; acts in violation of a law, sins)

2. The serious nature of the offenses _________his return to political life.

(“before” + “shut”; prevent)

3. The doctor made a __________ examination of the victim’s wounds while preparing her equipment. (“run, go”; hasty and superficial)

4. The student prepared a __________ from the many sources of information on nuclear power. (“with” + “hang”; a neat summary)

5. The hikers were able to _________ their supplies of food and water at the ranger’s station. (“back, again” + “fill”; fill or make complete again)

6. In _________, the bake sale could have been more successful if we had included cupcakes. (“backward” + “look”; looking back)

7. The children were fascinated by the __________ of the snake as it moved.

(“wave”; wavelike motion)

8. Toddlers need adult ____________ when they use finger paints.

(“over, above” + “see”; inspection and direction)

9. I am not able to ________________ that information.

(“apart, in different directions + shut”; to make known)

10. Because of his irresponsible driving, the judge was forced to ________ his license. (“back, again” + “call”; take back)

A list of words is provided below. Slash each word so that you divide its components (prefix, base and suffix); then list the meanings of the components and define the word. Remember that the etymological meaning does not always equal the dictionary meaning; it is only a clue.

AGGREGATE to, toward + flock + -ate

INHIBITION __________ + __________ + ition

EXPEDITIOUS __________ + __________ + itious

INADVERTENT __________ + __________ + __________ + ent

EXCRUCIATING __________ + __________ + iating

PUNCTILIOUS __________ + ilious

EXECRATE __________ + __________ + ate

PRESENTIMENT __________ + __________ + iment

PERTURB __________ + __________

INVERSION __________ + __________ + ion

PERVERSION __________ + __________ + ion

OBVIATE __________ + __________ + ate

1. The negotiators’ work _________ the possibility of war.

(“before” + “shut”; prevent)

2. The philosopher preferred to live in ____________ .

(“aside, away” + “shut”; isolation)

3. The two judges usually ________ in their opinions.

(“together” + “run”; agree)

4. The candidate’s speech was long and ____________.

(“out” + “run”; rambling or digressive)

5. The psychiatric patient experienced a ___________ into childhood.

(“back + go”; reversion to a previous or less mature behavior or feeling)

6. The streets in San Francisco often have a steep _________.

(“step”; slope, as of a road that rises by degrees)

7. The bacteria gained _________ through an infected cut.

(“in” + “go”; an entrance)

8. The case is still __________.

(“hang”; awaiting judgment or decision)

9. The hammer is an ___________ for driving nails.

(“in” + “fill”; tool)

10. The visitors to the haunted house saw a mysterious _________.

(from spec-; ghost or apparition)

11. The ___________ shopper can always find a bargain

(“through” + “look;” having keen judgment) Don’t confuse this word with #12 below.

12. This textbook is lucid and _________________.

(“through” + “look;” easy to understand)

13. The officer’s many heroic acts ________ to his credit and he will be promoted. (“back” + “wave”; to have a result)

14. Birdwatching is my ____________.

(“away” + “call”; hobby)

1. How often do your seizures ______________?

2. Caution! Gasoline is ___________________.

3. These specially treated pajamas are not _______________.

4. I don’t mind snakes but I have an ________________ to spiders.

5. A speech _________________ can be difficult to overcome.

6. The mission of the Red Cross is to ___________ the sick and the wounded.

7. You seem very quiet and ______________ today.

8. Pink flamingo lawn ornaments made our house the most _______________ one on the street.

9. Children who _______________ dogs by teasing them are often bitten.

10. The museum is hosting a Jackson Pollock ______________.
provoke- succor- flammable- inflammable-retrospective- conspicuous- impediment- occur- aversion- pensive
Lesson 6
These words use the numerical bases on p. 53. Use the dictionary if you can’t guess them:

1. The other members of the committee found his concerns ________________. (“three + way, road”; unimportant)

2. The members of the choir sing in ______________________.

(“one” voice)

3. The terrorist organization made a ______________________________ agreement to lay down its arms. (“one” sided)

4. The _____________________________ of Ireland met with the Pope.

(“first”; the highest bishop in a country)

5. The equator runs east-west; the ____________ __________________ runs north-south. (the “first” or main longitudinal line)

6. The Babylonians used a ________________________ numerical system.

(“two” + “ten”; describes a system based on units of twelve)

(“three” pronged weapon)

8. The tree trunk was _____________________________ very close to the ground. (divided in “two” parts or branches. Use bi-)

9. Pregnancy is divided into three _____________________________.

(groups of “three” months)

10. Cows, cats and capybaras are ______________________________.

(“four”-”footed” animals)

11. The Olympic games are a ______________________________ event.

(held every “four” years)

12. Ben and Jerry’s is the ______________________________ American dessert. (expressing most perfectly the inner nature of something; from “fifth” + essence)

13. With modern advances in health care, ________________________ are becoming more common. (People in their “eighth” decade)

14. The __________________________ year of women’s suffrage is 1993. (“hundredth”)

PERENNIAL _____________ + ____________ + al

INCANTATION _____________ + ____________ + ation

INSECURITY _____________ + ____________ + _________ + ity

INIQUITOUS _____________ + ____________ + itous
1. Usually the sisters were cheerful and _______________.

(full of “life, feeling”)

2. The earliest religious beliefs may have been forms of ________________.

(belief that “life” exists in all natural phenomena, such as springs or rocks)

3. Each faction in Bosnia is filled with __________________ for the others

(a strong “feeling” of hostility)

4. We were the ___________________ of his great kindness. (recipients of “good” deeds or gifts). He is our __________________. (doer of “good”)

5. Our vacation tours to the Amazon will ____________________ you.

(“in” + “sing”; charm or cast a spell over)

6. My birthday falls on the autumn ______________________.

(time when night and day are of “equal” length)

7. When asked about the condition of the car, the salesman _____________. (“equal” + “call”; to use terms with vague or double meanings in order to deceive)

8. The farmlands in this area are very ________________.

(“bear, carry”; producing abundantly)

9. The top advisors were _________________ in the conspiracy.

(“in” + “fold”; shown to be a party to)

Words in Context: Lesson 7

1. We ___________the services of a boy to carry our baggage to the train.

2. He faced criticism with such _______________ that I was astonished.

3. The Senator _____________ with such skill that afterwards the reporters wondered whether he had admitted anything at all.

4. She remained ___________, sweet-tempered, and slow to anger.

5. Do you imagine that some kindly ____________will help you out of this mess?

6. Ted Turner, the media ____________who owns his own network, is now married to Jane Fonda.

7. Roses are __________ , but marigolds are not.

8. The beloved old man was as __________ as he was wise.

9. You would have been able to __________from the room alone the character of those who lived in it.

10. I now __________ on you the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
procured-confer-benevolent-equivocated-perennials-magnate-infer-equanimity-equable-benefactor

Lesson 8
Base: “water” _______

1. We asked the geologist if there were many ________________ in the region.

(“water” + “bear, carry”; underground layers of porous rock containing water)

2. The manatee is an ________________ creature. (“water”; living in water)

3. The new science complex ________________ both the old physics and biology buildings. (“in” + “body”; to bring together into a single whole)

4. The __________________ man liked to eat a bag of doughnuts every day. (“body”; obese)
Base: “hold” ___________

5. His unhappy life did not shake his religious ____________________.

(beliefs “held” by a person; doctrine held as truth)

6. The landlord was unable to evict the __________________.

(people who “hold” the lease; occupants who pay rent)
Base: “stretch”, “strive” _____________

7. Malnourished children often have ___________________ stomachs.

( “in different directions” + ; “stretched” swollen)

8. The thief caught in the act did not make a ________________ of innocence. (“before” + “stretch”; a false claim)

9. The climate in Ohio is ___________________ compared to Canada.

(within “bounds”; neither too hot nor too cold)

10. The monk abandoned his __________________ life for the seclusion of the monastery. (transitory; of this world: limited by “time”)

11. She is such an ________________ reader that she reads the backs of cereal boxes. (eating “all”; devouring everything indiscriminately)

12. Most people assume that God is ___________________. (“all” knowing)
Base: “stretched, thin”______________

13. They have only a __________________ grasp of the calculus lesson. (not substantial; flimsy)

14. The inhabitants’ bodies were frail and ______________________ because of the famine. (made “thin”, weakened and/or wasted)
Base: “like” _____________

15. The violent scenes in the film are being _________________ by special effects experts. (to give a false appearance of; to look or act “like”)

1. The union explained its ____________________ to the management

(“heavy” things; complaints; circumstances thought to be unjust)

2. With this smoke alarm we may ________________ disaster.

(“away” + “turn”; ward off or prevent)

3. Placing a frog in my purse was a __________________ act on your part.

(“bad”; with evil intent)

4. The friend of the new president received a ___________________.

(sine, “without” +”care”; a job with a good salary but few duties)

5. These men provided aid and _______________ to the rebel leaders.

(a “running under”; relief in time of distress)
Words in context Lesson 8

1. The old Roman __________still carries water to our town.

2. The amoeba, when it finds prey, flows round it, ______________ it, and oozes on. (to put one thing into another to form a whole)

3. The Army _________ of engineers built this dam.

4. Red and white blood ______________ have different functions.

5. The brown rat is an ____________ scavenger.

6. In his own small universe, he was _______________.

7. Within a few weeks the ______________ thief was at his tricks again.

8. She walked with a __________ stride.

9. Now and then he falls into error, but the fact-checkers quickly __________ it.

10. His strict moral ____________ did not always endear him to his friends.

11. She made use of her own and others’ experiences to lend ________________ to her books.

12. The area enjoys mild winters but less _____________ summers.

13. After a period of complete ____________, he began to drink absinthe.¹

14.(a) It is better for historians to be ____________ with the events they write of? (b) It was often said of T.S. Eliot that his writing style was ___________ but his ideas were frozen in the past.

15. “Not yet”, she _____________, “but soon”.

16. Her contributions to the discussion were always __________.

17. That’s the hardest job we have--keeping up the _________ of work.

18. The prisoner’s age and previous good character were ____________ circumstances.

corps-corpuscles-extenuating-temporized-contemporary-temperate-verisimilitude-rectify-omnivorous-incorrigible-rectitude-omnipotent-aqueduct-regal-temperance-incorporates-pertinent-pretense

Separate Components

CONFLAGRATION ________________ + ______________ + ation

INFLATION ________________ + ______________ + ion

DEGENERATE ________________ + ______________ + ate

AFFLATUS ________________ + ______________ + us

ILLUMINATION ________________ + ______________ + ation
1. The refugees fled in order to escape the cruel ____________________ of the dictator. (“master”; control, rule)

2. This is a _________________ violation of the House ethics rules.

(“burn”; deliberately conspicuous or outrageous)

3. They became ________________ after that can of chili.

(“blow”; gassy)

4. Harsh treatment could not crush his __________________ spirit.

(“not” + “master”; unconquerable)

5. The bill will travel from the House of Representatives to the ______________ (“old;” representative body-originally a group of elders)

6. The octogenarian’s numerous ______________________ met at the family reunion. (“forward” + “produce”; offspring or descendants)

7. An _______________________ triangle has three sides of the same length. (“equal” + “side”; having all sides or faces equal)

8. All fish have _________________ lines, which may be sensory organs. (on the “side”)

9. In his last _____________ moments he made his will in front of witnesses. (rational or clear-minded; “light”; also “clear or easily understood”: We find her _______________ arguments very refreshing.

10. We knew some stars might attend the inauguration, but we did not expect _______________ such as these. (“light”; notable persons or celestial bodies)

11. Those who have worked here for at least ten years have ______________.

(“old”; the state of being higher in rank; precedence of position)

12. The new intern was meek and ___________________________.

(“under + serve”; submissive; acting like an underling)

13. Before __________________________ the female elephant gained weight enormously. (“bringing forth”; the act of giving birth)

14. Hitler tried to commit _________________________. (killing a “race”; the systematic killing of an entire racial or cultural group)

15. The ____________________ religions in India are Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. (“before” + “master”; having the greatest importance or authority)

1. The two parents, the baby and the cat offered a picture of ________ bliss.

2. “It pleased me to _________ over her, and she generally submitted to my tyranny.” (said by Helen Keller of her teacher, Anne)

3. The Germans at that time ______________ the intellectual world.

4. One warehouse after another went up in the general ________________.

5. A young lady in _______________ theatrical makeup appeared.

6. Primitive languages have words for various trees but no ___________ term for “tree.”

7. I will be _____________ enough to confess that this may be true.

8. He was a strong advocate for electricity and other ____________ inventions and gadgets.

9. (a) The ____________water, though agitated, did not turn cloudy. (b) He had an elegant and ___________literary style.

10. He was the only one of their _______________ not to graduate from college.
domineer-dominated-pellucid-progeny-flamboyant-domestic-ingenuous-ingenious-generic-conflagration

Lesson 10
List the English meanings of the word elements; then define the word:

INTERLOCUTOR

SUBVERT

PROPENSITY

CONTRAVENE

INUNDATION
Base CUMB, CUB______________

1. The _________________ candidate refused to debate the challenger. (in office; “in” + “lie”)

2. It is _________________ on me to fulfill my campaign pledges. (“in” + “lie”; imposed as a duty or obligation; obligatory)

3. In the painting I could see several ___________________ figures. (“back, again” + “lie”; reclining or lying down)

4. Luckily he did not __________________ to the illness. (“under” + “lie”; give way to, yield; die)

5. In the Middle Ages people believed that witches were the offspring of a woman and an ____________________. (“in” + “lie”; a demon who had sex with a woman in her sleep. Note that “in” can have the sense of “on”). The female demon who visited a man “lay under” and so was called a ________________.

6. A document called the Articles of _________________ was a predecessor of the U.S. Constitution. (“with/together” + “treaty”; formation of a league)

7. Every college student should be able to write a ________________ essay. (“with” + “stick”; logically connected and intelligible)

8. The desire to learn is _____________________ in small children. (“in” + “stick”; existing in someone or thing as a natural, inseparable quality)

9. I used an ________________________ to reattach the handle of the broken cup. (“to” + “stick”; a sticky substance like glue)

10. Each of the speakers in the debate had his or her ________________ among the audience. (“to” + “stick”; followers or supporters)

11. There has been a lively debate among churches over the ______________ of women. (investing with the office of priest, minister, etc.)

12. We did an _______________________ amount of work to prepare for the exam. (“not” + “order”; excessive)

13. The pianist already showed an ________________________ musical talent by the age of six. (“outside” + “order”: Note how the word ordinary divides into base and adj. suffix)

14. The junior officer held a ____________________ position in the hierarchy of command. (“under” + “order”; below another in rank, etc.)
BASES: POT, POSS ______________

SAL, (SIL), SALT, SULT _________________

15. The ___________________ character of that country allowed it to recover quickly from frequent natural disasters. (“back” + “leap”; recovering strength, spirits, etc. quickly)

16. It is dangerous to ________________ over a fallen enemy. (“out” + “leap; rejoice. Note spelling.)

17. He finished the rest of the chores in a ________________________ way. (“down” + “leap”; random or aimless)

18. The muggers were charged with _______________ and theft. (“to, toward” + “leap”; note the different spelling of the base for “leap”)

19. The ancient Greeks did not consider their gods _________________ .

(“all” + “power”)

20. The sheriff sent out a ___________________ to find the gunfighter. (a group that “has the power” to assist the sheriff)

21. The wine had 17% alcohol and thus was very _________________. (“have power”; strong in effect)

INSIDIOUS-OBSESSIVE

SEDULOUS-ASSIDUOUS

SEDATE-SUBSIDING

PRESIDE-RESIDE


Lesson 11
Base: believe, trust-__________________

1. We did not give ________________ to their accusations against you.

(“belief”; acceptance as true)

2. Investigators ______________ the psychic’s claims to bend spoons with the power of his mind. (“away, in different directions + trust”; prove untrue) They found his claims __________________. (“not” + “believe”)

3. When I announced that I had gone skydiving, my friends were _____________. (“not + believe”)

4. That person claimed to be a physician but had fake _________________. (written evidence of qualification that inspires “trust”). Unfortunately, his school not only wasn’t _________________, it didn’t exist. (“to, toward” + “believe, trust”; certified as meeting a prescribed standard)

5. The original meaning of the word _____________ was “teacher.”

6. Those animals who are ________________ are easy to train.

(“able to be taught”)

7. The members of the cult tried to ____________________ visitors.

(“in” + “teach”; instruct in a code of beliefs)

8. The story of the dog in the manger is a _______________.

(a story “spoken” to teach a lesson)

9. Aladdin’s story is filled with ___________________ features like the flying carpet and the cave of wonders. (legendary or barely credible)

10. Was the sinking of the Titanic a matter of chance or of __________?

(a thing “spoken” by the gods; destiny)

Mixing pain relievers and alcohol can be _____________. (from same word; death inducing).

I wish that TV personality would stop filling the airwaves with his __________ and vulgar rantings. (“talking” too much, i.e., babbling, foolish).

Melissa was clearly ___________________ with Phil.

(“in” + “speak”; had foolish tendencies within).

You will enjoy this world-_____________ recipe for lemon-meringue pie.

(“talked” about; well-known).

11. Children too young to talk are called _________________. (“not + speak”)

12. She experiences _________________ delight when eating Jelly Bellies.

(“not” + “out” + “speak”; indescribable)
Base: to deceive: _________________________

13. Even professors are not _______________________.

( “not” + “false”; incapable of erring)

14. Erich Von Daniken’s arguments that the earth has had alien visitors were clever but ________________.

(“false”; containing or based on a fallacy)

15. Most of us prefer __________________ (“touchable”) rewards, such as cash, to ___________________ (“not touchable” ) ones such as the satisfaction of a job well done.

16. Some lawyers’ fees are __________________ upon winning damages from the person sued. (“with” + “touch”; conditional, possible only under certain circumstances)

17. His lot and mine are ___________________.

(“with” + “touch”; next to each other; adjacent)
Base: to change____________________

18. The phrase “__________________ assured destruction” was common during the cold war era. (reciprocally)

19. The inmate’s life sentence was ___________________ because of failing health and he was released. (“with” + “change”; made less severe)
20. How many words can you make with the base meaning “to drag, draw”?
PREFIX MEANINGS drag, draw

ab-, a-, abs- ________________ ________________ ________________

ambi- ________________ ________________ ________________

ante- ________________ ________________ ________________

circum- ________________ ________________ ________________

contra-, contro-, counter- _______________ ________________ ________________

extra-, extro- ________________ ________________ ________________

inter- ________________ ________________ ________________

intra-, intro- ________________ ________________ ________________

infra- ________________ ________________ ________________

non- ________________ ________________ ________________

ob- ________________ ________________ ________________

per- ________________ ________________ ________________

post- ________________ ________________ ________________

retro- ________________ ________________ ________________

se-, sed- ________________ ________________ ________________

sub- ________________ ________________ ________________

super- ________________ ________________ ________________

trans-, tran-, tra- ________________ ________________ ________________

ultra- ________________ ________________ ________________

WORD DISSECTION: break up each word into its component parts and give the English meaning for each part. Then define the word.
Example:
ACCIDENT: AD, to + CID, fall

Definition: an unexpected, undesired event; fortune or chance.

OCCIDENTAL:

RECIPIENT:

INCIPIENT:

INEFFECTIVE:

SUFFICIENT:

DEFOLIANT:

INNOCUOUS:

OBNOXIOUS:

INTERNECINE:

1. A world-famous photograph of the Loch Ness monster was recently __________________.

2. A man, now very old, ________________ that the picture was faked with a toy submarine.

3. The existence of the monster has never been fully _________________.

4. Many experts believe that “Nessie” is only a ___________________

5. What we need is ________________ evidence that the creature exists.