Chapter 38—The Stormy Sixties, 1960-1968
SHORT ANSWER
Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
1. John F. Kennedy
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2. Robert F. Kennedy
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3. Robert S. McNamara
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4. Charles de Gaulle
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5. Ngo Dinh Diem
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6. Martin Luther King, Jr.
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7. Medgar Evers
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8. Lyndon B. Johnson
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9. Michael Harrington
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10. Barry Goldwater
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11. Malcolm X
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12. Elijah Muhammad
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13. Stokely Carmichael
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14. J. William Fulbright
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15. Eugene McCarthy
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16. Hubert H. Humphrey
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17. Richard M. Nixon
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18. Spiro T. Agnew
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19. Curtis LeMay
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20. Jack Kerouac
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21. Allen Ginsberg
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22. George Wallace
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Define and state the historical significance of the following:
23. flexible response
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24. massive retaliation
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25. modernization theory
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26. "rights revolution"
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27. counterculture
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28. credibility gap
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Describe and state the historical significance of the following:
29. New Frontier
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30. Peace Corps
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31. Bay of Pigs
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32. Cuban missile crisis
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33. Alliance for Progress
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34. Freedom Rides
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35. March on Washington
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36. War on Poverty
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37. Great Society
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38. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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39. Civil Rights Act of 1964
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40. Voting Rights Act of 1965
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41. "black power"
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42. Nation of Islam
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43. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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44. Medicare and Medicaid
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45. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
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46. Gulf of Tonkin resolution
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47. Six-Day War
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48. Palestine Liberation Organization
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49. Operation Rolling Thunder
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50. Viet Cong
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51. "hawks" and "doves"
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52. Tet offensive
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53. Beat poets
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54. Free Speech Movement
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55. Students for a Democratic Society
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
56. When he became attorney general, Robert Kennedy sought to refocus the attention of the FBI on
a.
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organized crime and civil rights.
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b.
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communist spies and terrorism.
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c.
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political corruption and campaign law violations.
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d.
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illegal immigration and drug trading.
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e.
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automobile theft and illegal weapons.
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ANS: A REF: p. 889
57. When he took office in 1961, President Kennedy chose to try to stimulate the sluggish economy through
a.
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a massive foreign-aid program.
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b.
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large-scale government spending programs.
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c.
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a tax cut.
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d.
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reducing expenditures on the space program.
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e.
|
a looser monetary policy.
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ANS: C REF: p. 890
58. Kennedy was often cautious and frustrated in advancing social reform and civil rights legislation because
a.
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he was looking forward to winning a much larger mandate in the election of 1964.
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b.
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the civil rights movement's militant demands undercut public support for moderate reform.
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c.
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his own vice president, Lyndon Johnson, lobbied against the legislation behind his back.
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d.
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conservative southern Democrats controlled key Congressional committees.
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e.
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Republican majorities in the Senate blocked his legislative proposals.
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ANS: D REF: p. 890
59. President Kennedy's most bitter confrontation with big business occurred when he
a.
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raised taxes on corporate business profits.
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b.
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refused to support compensation for American businesses' lost investments in Cuba.
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c.
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demanded that the American oil industry stop driving up the price of gasoline.
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d.
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forced steel industry leaders to roll back steel price increases.
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e.
|
lowered tariff rates to permit more European imports into the United States.
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ANS: D REF: p. 890
60. The essential purpose of President Kennedy's promise to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s was to
a.
|
restore American prestige in the space race damaged by the Soviets' Sputnik.
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b.
|
develop the possibility of deploying American weapons in outer space.
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c.
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engage in scientific and astronomical study of the moon and the solar system.
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d.
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provide investments and jobs in the key states of Texas and Florida.
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e.
|
use the space program to develop new technologies in electronics and other areas.
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ANS: A REF: p. 890
61. The 1962 Trade Expansion Act
a.
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cut taxes to increase American purchasing power.
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b.
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provided incentives to American overseas investments.
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c.
|
made the United States a member of the Common Market.
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d.
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raised the minimum-wage and Social Security benefits of most working-class Americans.
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e.
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reduced American tariffs.
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ANS: E REF: p. 891
62. John F. Kennedy's strategy of flexible response
a.
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was an updated version of John Foster Dulles's doctrine of massive retaliation.
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b.
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was used in his battle with the leadership of the steel industry.
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c.
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called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope and importance of a crisis.
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d.
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required increased spending on a variety of nuclear weapons systems to be deployed around the world.
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e.
|
cut back nuclear weapons in favor of guerrilla forces.
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ANS: C REF: p. 892
63. American military forces entered Vietnam in order to
a.
|
try to drive the communists out of North Vietnam.
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b.
|
help to stage a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem.
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c.
|
prevent Ngo Dinh Diem's regime from falling to the communists.
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d.
|
establish defensive perimeters around Saigon and other Vietnamese cities.
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e.
|
promote democratic reforms in South Vietnam.
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ANS: C REF: p. 893
64. The Alliance for Progress, which intended to improve economic growth and democratic reforms in Latin America, was
a.
|
effectively implemented by American Peace Corps volunteers.
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b.
|
effective economically but ineffective in developing pro-American sentiment in the region.
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c.
|
generally disappointing.
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d.
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weakened by the Kennedy administration's harsh policies toward Cuba.
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e.
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an incentive for growing Soviet intervention in the region.
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ANS: C REF: p. 893
65. The Bay of Pigs invasion failed when
a.
|
the Cuban rebel forces lost the Battle of Havana.
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b.
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the anti-Castro exiles were defeated by the Cuban military.
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c.
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the Soviet Union intervened to protect the Castro government.
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d.
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President Kennedy's use of U.S. air power led to the capture of American pilots.
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e.
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anti-Castro Cubans in Florida refused to support the effort.
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ANS: B REF: p. 893-894
66. When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, President Kennedy ordered
a.
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the installation of nuclear weapons in Turkey.
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b.
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surgical air strikes against the missile sites.
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c.
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the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
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d.
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resumption of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
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e.
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a naval quarantine of that island.
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ANS: E REF: p. 895
67. The Cuban missile crisis resulted in all of the following except
a.
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U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at Guantanamo.
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b.
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the removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power in the Soviet Union.
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c.
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a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.
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d.
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an ambitious program of military expansion by the Soviet Union.
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e.
|
withdrawal of U.S. missiles in Turkey.
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ANS: A REF: p. 895
68. In a speech at American University in 1963, President Kennedy recommended the adoption of a policy toward the Soviet Union based on
a.
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flexible response.
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b.
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massive retaliation.
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c.
|
peaceful coexistence.
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d.
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gradual escalation.
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e.
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containment.
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ANS: C REF: p. 895
69. At first, John F. Kennedy moved very slowly in the area of racial justice because he
a.
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did not support civil rights.
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b.
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needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic and social legislation.
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c.
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had not pledged any action in this area during his campaign.
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d.
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believed that initiatives in this area should come from the Supreme Court and Congress.
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e.
|
was suspicious of Martin Luther King.
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ANS: B REF: p. 896
70. The Freedom Riders
a.
|
protested segregation by torching buses on segregated routes.
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b.
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sought to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers.
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c.
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were involved in the sit-ins across the South to end segregation.
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d.
|
were African Americans who sought to integrate public school buses.
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e.
|
None of these
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ANS: B REF: p. 896
71. President John Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy began to join hands with the civil rights movement when they
a.
|
sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
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b.
|
ordered the FBI to remove the wiretap from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s phone.
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c.
|
secured passage of the Voting Rights Act.
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d.
|
journeyed south to support the registration of black voters.
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e.
|
ordered the immediate desegregation of schools.
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ANS: A REF: p. 896
72. President Kennedy ordered hundreds of federal marshals and thousands of federal troops to force the racial integration of
a.
|
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
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b.
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Louisiana State University.
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c.
|
the lunch counters of Greensboro, North Carolina.
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d.
|
the bus stations in Birmingham, Alabama.
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e.
|
the University of Mississippi.
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ANS: E REF: p. 896
73. American and world public opinion turned strongly in favor of the civil rights movement when
a.
|
Senator Barry Goldwater came out in favor of the civil rights bill.
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b.
|
Martin Luther King led a successful nonviolent march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
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c.
|
J. Edgar Hoover's wiretaps on Martin Luther King were exposed.
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d.
|
Martin Luther King's peaceful demonstrators were viciously attacked in Birmingham.
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e.
|
Martin Luther King met with President Kennedy at the White House.
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ANS: D REF: p. 896-897
74. The 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr., provided critical support for
a.
|
the War on Poverty.
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b.
|
the Democratic party.
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c.
|
the Voting Rights bill.
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d.
|
the civil rights bill to end segregation.
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e.
|
jobs and medicare.
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ANS: D REF: p. 897
75. During the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have A Dream Speech," in which he proclaimed
a.
|
that blacks would become more militant if their rights were not secured.
|
b.
|
that a black man would one day be president
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c.
|
that his children would one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin.
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d.
|
All of these
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e.
|
None of these
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ANS: C REF: p. 897
76. At the time of his death, President John Kennedy's civil rights bill
a.
|
had been passed, much to the satisfaction of African Americans.
|
b.
|
had been passed, but greatly weakened by amendments.
|
c.
|
was still bogged down in Congress.
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d.
|
was on the desk waiting to be signed into law.
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e.
|
was locked in a filibuster in the U.S. Senate.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 898
77. President Kennedy's alleged assassin was
a.
|
Jack Ruby.
|
b.
|
Lee Harvey Oswald.
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c.
|
Medgar Evers.
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d.
|
James Earl Ray.
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e.
|
an agent of Fidel Castro.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 898
78. Before he became vice president and then president of the United States, Lyndon Johnson had exercised great power as
a.
|
secretary of defense.
|
b.
|
Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.
|
c.
|
a wealthy Texas businessman.
|
d.
|
governor of Texas.
|
e.
|
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 898
79. President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at
a.
|
getting his legislation passed by Congress.
|
b.
|
exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.
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c.
|
reducing America's overseas commitments.
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d.
|
gaining the admiration and support of the media.
|
e.
|
appealing to America's European Allies.
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ANS: A REF: p. 898-900
80. President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the
a.
|
Great Crusade.
|
b.
|
Fair Deal.
|
c.
|
New Frontier.
|
d.
|
Johnson Revolution.
|
e.
|
Great Society.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 900
81. Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities and employment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that
a.
|
laid the foundation for busing to achieve integration.
|
b.
|
prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.
|
c.
|
established the principle of affirmative action in college admissions.
|
d.
|
protected the rights of Latino immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.
|
e.
|
protected gays against discrimination in employment.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 900
82. Opponents of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act calculated that
a.
|
they had enough votes from senators and congressmen opposed to racial equality to tank the bill.
|
b.
|
it would fail because liberals would not be able to support legislation that would end laws that gave women special protections.
|
c.
|
it would be derailed by the inclusion of sexual orientation in the new law.
|
d.
|
discrimination in hiring would not be eliminated by this law.
|
e.
|
None of these
|
ANS: B REF: p. 900
83. The War on Poverty was inspired by
a.
|
the sickness and dire conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of Appalachia.
|
b.
|
Michael Harrington's book The Other America.
|
c.
|
increasing public faith that an affluent nation such as America should be able to end poverty.
|
d.
|
None of these
|
e.
|
All of these
|
ANS: E REF: p. 900
84. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
a.
|
the United States declared war on Vietnam.
|
b.
|
Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.
|
c.
|
the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.
|
d.
|
Congress maintained its war-declaring power.
|
e.
|
the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 901
85. Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their
a.
|
loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.
|
b.
|
faith in the Great Society promises.
|
c.
|
fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater.
|
d.
|
trust in Johnson's Vietnam policy.
|
e.
|
All of these
|
ANS: E REF: p. 901
86. Lyndon Johnson gained strong support for federal aid to education by
a.
|
making sure that the funds would flow primarily to needy students.
|
b.
|
guaranteeing that no aid would be given to Catholic schools.
|
c.
|
sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools by channeling aid directly to students.
|
d.
|
focusing on improving educational quality rather than racial integration.
|
e.
|
directing funds toward higher education only.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 902
87. All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson's administration except
a.
|
the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities.
|
b.
|
Project Head Start.
|
c.
|
the Peace Corps.
|
d.
|
Medicare.
|
e.
|
the Office of Economic Opportunity.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 902-903
88. In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs
a.
|
did no good at all.
|
b.
|
actually increased the poverty rate.
|
c.
|
proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks.
|
d.
|
won some noteworthy battles in education and health care.
|
e.
|
received more money than they could effectively spend.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 903
89. The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except
a.
|
creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
|
b.
|
prohibiting discrimination based on gender.
|
c.
|
banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.
|
d.
|
banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public.
|
e.
|
requiring affirmative action against discrimination.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 903
90. As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
a.
|
fewer Asians came to the United States.
|
b.
|
the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.
|
c.
|
the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.
|
d.
|
sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.
|
e.
|
sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 902
91. The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the
a.
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
|
b.
|
Voting Rights Act of 1965.
|
c.
|
Twenty-Fourth Amendment.
|
d.
|
War on Poverty.
|
e.
|
Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 903
92. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the South became to
a.
|
secure the right to vote.
|
b.
|
end discrimination in housing.
|
c.
|
gain equality in education.
|
d.
|
prohibit racial discrimination in employment.
|
e.
|
integrate private social clubs and organizations.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 903
93. As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
a.
|
whites left the South in record numbers.
|
b.
|
centuries of discrimination and oppression ended.
|
c.
|
whites refused to do business with blacks.
|
d.
|
white southerners began to court black votes.
|
e.
|
the South became strongly Democratic.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 903-904
94. The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized
a.
|
the still-troubled racial situation in the South.
|
b.
|
the rise of the Black Muslim movement in Los Angeles.
|
c.
|
a more militant and confrontational phase of the civil rights movement.
|
d.
|
the power of Martin Luther King in the black community.
|
e.
|
the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 904
95. The militant African American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was
a.
|
Medgar Evers.
|
b.
|
Malcolm X.
|
c.
|
Fannie Lou Hamer.
|
d.
|
Marcus Garvey.
|
e.
|
Ralph Abernathy.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 904
96. By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their attention primarily on
a.
|
housing.
|
b.
|
school integration.
|
c.
|
voting rights.
|
d.
|
black separation.
|
e.
|
economic demands.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 905
97. Some advocates of Black Power made the movement the basis for
a.
|
emphasizing African American distinctiveness and separatism.
|
b.
|
upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
|
c.
|
supporting a movement "back to Africa."
|
d.
|
encouraging the end of racially based identity and culture.
|
e.
|
promoting affirmative action in education and employment.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 904-905
98. By 1972, public schools in the South were
a.
|
integrated at higher rates than schools in the North.
|
b.
|
integrated at lower rates than schools in the North.
|
c.
|
taught primarily by teachers trained in northern colleges.
|
d.
|
continuing to close their doors rather than admit blacks to all-white schools.
|
e.
|
the final hold-outs against efforts at racial equality.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 905
99. The Latin American nation where Lyndon Johnson sent 25,000 American troops to counteract alleged communist influence was
a.
|
Argentina.
|
b.
|
El Salvador.
|
c.
|
the Dominican Republic.
|
d.
|
Panama.
|
e.
|
Mexico.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 906
100. Aerial bombardment in Vietnam
a.
|
worked very well.
|
b.
|
strengthened the communists' will to resist.
|
c.
|
strengthened the will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight.
|
d.
|
had no effect on the war.
|
e.
|
destroyed North Vietnamese industry.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 906
101. The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict
a.
|
Americans and Israelis.
|
b.
|
Israel and Saudi Arabia.
|
c.
|
Israel and the United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.
|
d.
|
the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.
|
e.
|
Israelis and Palestinians.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 907
102. The focal point of congressional opposition to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam War policy was
a.
|
the Republican party in both the Senate and the House.
|
b.
|
the Senate office of Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
|
c.
|
Senator Richard Russell's Armed Services Committee.
|
d.
|
the House Ways and Means Committee.
|
e.
|
Senator William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 907
103. The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy
a.
|
came with the bombing of Cambodia.
|
b.
|
occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.
|
c.
|
was the Tet offensive of 1968.
|
d.
|
occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on the war.
|
e.
|
came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 908
104. During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in clear violation of its charter, to
a.
|
lead an invasion of Cambodia.
|
b.
|
spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
|
c.
|
infiltrate FBI headquarters.
|
d.
|
help destabilize the government of Thailand.
|
e.
|
protect prowar presidential candidates.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 907
105. The political challenge to President Johnson's Vietnam policies gained great momentum when
a.
|
the Senate voted to cut off funds for any further escalation of the war.
|
b.
|
the favorite for the Republican nomination, Richard Nixon, began opposing the war.
|
c.
|
third-party challenger George Wallace began criticizing Johnson.
|
d.
|
Vice President Hubert Humphrey turned against Johnson's policies.
|
e.
|
Senator Eugene McCarthy nearly defeated Johnson in the New Hampshire Democratic primary.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 908
106. The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when
a.
|
Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.
|
b.
|
Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.
|
c.
|
pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.
|
d.
|
militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.
|
e.
|
public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 909
107. The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed
a.
|
a long deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
|
b.
|
a violent conflict between police and antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall.
|
c.
|
a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates, who then founded the Independent party.
|
d.
|
the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the convention.
|
e.
|
the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 909
108. The spoiler third-party candidate for president in 1968 was
a.
|
Robert F. Kennedy.
|
b.
|
Hubert H. Humphrey.
|
c.
|
Eugene McCarthy.
|
d.
|
George Wallace.
|
e.
|
George McGovern.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 909
109. Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should
a.
|
negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam War.
|
b.
|
withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves.
|
c.
|
withdraw American forces from Vietnam.
|
d.
|
escalate the bombing of North Vietnam.
|
e.
|
continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 909
110. Former vice president Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by
a.
|
promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.
|
b.
|
repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.
|
c.
|
re-asserting the Republican party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.
|
d.
|
arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.
|
e.
|
exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 910
111. In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____ succeeded in toppling the government, while the movement in ____ ended in harsh repression and failure.
a.
|
the United States; France
|
b.
|
Poland; France
|
c.
|
Germany; Britain
|
d.
|
France; Czechoslovakia
|
e.
|
Japan; the United States
|
ANS: D REF: p. 911-912
112. The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s
a.
|
was a new phenomenon for America.
|
b.
|
did not occur anywhere else in the world at that time.
|
c.
|
touched all institutions except religion.
|
d.
|
had deep historical roots in American culture.
|
e.
|
arose from the music and drugs of the time.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 911
113. The three P's that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the 1960s are
a.
|
poverty, political radicalism, and protest against authority.
|
b.
|
public schools, parietal rules, and parental restrictions.
|
c.
|
population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and prosperity.
|
d.
|
patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and perfectionism.
|
e.
|
the pill, pot, and popular rock music.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 913
114. The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was
a.
|
the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).
|
b.
|
Fire Island, New York.
|
c.
|
Key West, Florida.
|
d.
|
Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).
|
e.
|
the Stonewall Inn (New York City).
|
ANS: E REF: p. 913
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