Chapter 14—Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860
SHORT ANSWER
Identify and state the historical significance of the following:
1. Samuel Slater
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
2. Cyrus McCormick
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
3. Eli Whitney
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
4. Carl Schurz
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
5. Robert Fulton
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
6. Samuel F. B. Morse
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
7. DeWitt Clinton
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
8. Catharine Beecher
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
9. George Catlin
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
Describe and state the historical significance of the following:
10. industrial revolution
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
11. limited liability
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
12. transportation revolution
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
13. nativism
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
14. cult of domesticity
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
15. ecological imperialism
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
16. factory system
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
17. market revolution
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
18. homesteaders
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
19. domestic feminism
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
20. scabs
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
21. interchangeable parts
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
22. rugged individualism
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
23. cotton gin
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
24. Clermont
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
25. Boston Associates
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
26. clipper ships
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
27. Ancient Order of Hibernians
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
28. "Molly Maguires"
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
29. General Incorporation Law
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
30. Pony Express
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
31. Commonwealth v. Hunt
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
32. Tammany Hall
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
33. Order of the Star-Spangled Banner
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
34. sewing machine
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
35. Know Nothing Party
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
36. Kentucky bluegrass
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
37. "twisting the lion's tail"
ANS:
Student answers will vary.
COMPLETION
Locate the following places by reference number on the map:
38. ____ Pennsylvania Canal
ANS: 6
39. ____ Erie Canal
ANS: 5
40. ____ Lake Michigan
ANS: 1
41. ____ Ohio and Erie Canal
ANS: 8
42. ____ Cumberland Road
ANS: 7
43. ____ Lake Erie
ANS: 3
44. ____ Lake Ontario
ANS: 4
45. ____ Lake Huron
ANS: 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
46. Life on the frontier was
a.
|
fairly comfortable for women but not for men.
|
b.
|
downright grim for most pioneer families.
|
c.
|
free of disease and premature death.
|
d.
|
rarely portrayed in popular literature.
|
e.
|
based on tight-knit communities.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 276
47. All of the following gave rise to a more dynamic, market-oriented, national economy in early nineteenth-century America except
a.
|
the push west in search of cheap land.
|
b.
|
government regulation of all major economic activity.
|
c.
|
a vast number of European immigrants settling in the cities.
|
d.
|
newly invented machinery.
|
e.
|
better roads, faster steamboats, further-reaching canals, and tentacle-stretching railroads.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 276
48. Pioneering Americans marooned by geography
a.
|
never took the time to explore the beauty of the natural landscape.
|
b.
|
grew to depend on other people for most of their basic needs.
|
c.
|
abandoned the rugged individualism of colonial Americans.
|
d.
|
never looked for any help beyond their immediate family.
|
e.
|
were often ill informed, superstitious, provincial, and fiercely individualistic.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 276
49. For women, life on the frontier was especially difficult because they
a.
|
were more susceptible to disease and premature death than men.
|
b.
|
experienced extreme loneliness, and could go weeks without seeing another person.
|
c.
|
had to live in three-sided lean-to homes made of sticks.
|
d.
|
were required to help clear the land and do the housework.
|
e.
|
None of these
|
ANS: B REF: p. 276
50. In early-nineteenth-century America, the
a.
|
annual population growth rate was much higher than in colonial days.
|
b.
|
urban population was growing at an unprecedented rate.
|
c.
|
birthrate was rapidly declining.
|
d.
|
death rate was increasing.
|
e.
|
center of population moved northward.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 278
51. The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860
a.
|
led to a lower death rate.
|
b.
|
contributed to a decline in the birthrate.
|
c.
|
resulted in unsanitary conditions in many communities.
|
d.
|
forced the federal government to slow immigration.
|
e.
|
created sharp political conflict between farmers and urbanites.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 278
52. Ecological imperialism can best be described as
a.
|
the efforts of white settlers to take land from Native Americans.
|
b.
|
the aggressive exploitation of the West's bounty.
|
c.
|
humans' domination over the animal kingdom.
|
d.
|
the spread of technology and industry.
|
e.
|
the practice of using spectacular natural settings as symbols of America.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 277
53. George Catlin advocated
a.
|
placing Indians on reservations.
|
b.
|
efforts to protect America's endangered species.
|
c.
|
continuing the rendezvous system.
|
d.
|
keeping white settlers out of the West.
|
e.
|
the preservation of nature as a national policy.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 278
54. The influx of immigrants to the United States tripled, then quadrupled, in the
a.
|
1810s and 1820s.
|
b.
|
1820s and 1830s.
|
c.
|
1830s and 1840s.
|
d.
|
1840s and 1850s.
|
e.
|
1860s and 1870s.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 280
55. The overwhelming event for Ireland in the 1840s was
a.
|
the rebellion against British rule and potato famine.
|
b.
|
influx of immigrants from mostly Eastern European countries.
|
c.
|
the legalization of the Roman Catholic Church.
|
d.
|
the migration from the countryside to the city.
|
e.
|
the increasing use of English instead of Gaelic.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 280
56. Ireland's great export in the 1840s was
a.
|
people.
|
b.
|
potatoes.
|
c.
|
wool.
|
d.
|
whiskey.
|
e.
|
music.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 280
57. Whether they were propertied or landless, immigrants were often enticed to leave their homelands by
a.
|
letters from family or friends in the U.S., bragging about easy opportunities for wealth
|
b.
|
advertisements from companies promising big salaries to those who emigrate.
|
c.
|
greater prospects of finding a suitable husband or wife.
|
d.
|
word that there was free land available in the West.
|
e.
|
None of these
|
ANS: A REF: p. 280
58. When the Irish flocked to the United States in the 1840s, they stayed in the larger seaboard cities because they
a.
|
preferred urban life.
|
b.
|
were offered high-paying jobs.
|
c.
|
were welcomed by the people living there.
|
d.
|
were too poor to move west and buy land.
|
e.
|
had experience in urban politics.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 280
59. Native-born Protestant Americans distrusted and resented the Irish mostly because these immigrants
a.
|
were poor.
|
b.
|
were thought to love alcohol.
|
c.
|
were Roman Catholic.
|
d.
|
frequently became police officers.
|
e.
|
were slow to learn English.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 281
60. German immigrants in the early nineteenth century tended to
a.
|
settle in eastern industrial cities.
|
b.
|
assimilate themselves well into American culture.
|
c.
|
become slave-owners.
|
d.
|
join the temperance movement.
|
e.
|
preserve their own language and culture.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 284
61. German immigrants to the United States
a.
|
quickly became a powerful political force.
|
b.
|
came to escape economic hardships and autocratic government.
|
c.
|
were as poor as the Irish.
|
d.
|
contributed little to American life.
|
e.
|
were almost all Roman Catholics.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 281
62. All of the following are true statements about the relationship between Irish immigrants and U.S. citizens except
a.
|
the Irish were seen as wage-depressing competitors for jobs.
|
b.
|
native workers hated the Irish.
|
c.
|
the Irish often saw signs on factory gates that said "No Irish Need Apply."
|
d.
|
race riots between blacks and Irish were common.
|
e.
|
Irish immigrants became fiercely supportive of the abolitionist cause.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 281
63. When German immigrants came to the United States, they
a.
|
often became Baptist or Methodists.
|
b.
|
mixed well with other Americans.
|
c.
|
remained mostly in the Northeast.
|
d.
|
prospered with astonishing ease.
|
e.
|
dropped most of their German customs.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 286
64. Those who were frightened by the rapid influx of Irish immigrants organized
a.
|
the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner.
|
b.
|
the "Molly Maguires."
|
c.
|
Tammany Hall.
|
d.
|
the Ancient Order of Hibernians.
|
e.
|
the Ku Klux Klan.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 284
65. The sentiment of fear and opposition to open immigration was called
a.
|
the cult of domesticity.
|
b.
|
nativism.
|
c.
|
racism.
|
d.
|
rugged individualism.
|
e.
|
patriotism.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 284
66. Between 1830 and 1860, nearly ____ million Irish arrived in America.
a.
|
1
|
b.
|
2
|
c.
|
5
|
d.
|
8
|
e.
|
10
|
ANS: B REF: p. 281
67. Irish immigrants typically worked in all of the following occupations except
a.
|
domestic servants.
|
b.
|
construction workers.
|
c.
|
day laborers.
|
d.
|
silversmiths.
|
e.
|
saloon owners.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 282
68. Native-born Americans feared that Catholic immigrants to the United States would
a.
|
want to attend school with Protestants.
|
b.
|
overwhelm the native-born Catholics and control the church.
|
c.
|
establish the Catholic Church at the expense of Protestantism.
|
d.
|
assume control of the Know-Nothing party.
|
e.
|
establish monasteries and convents in the West.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 284
69. All of the following are true statements about German immigrants except
a.
|
they typically settled in Northeast coastal cities.
|
b.
|
they tended to be better educated than mainstream Americans.
|
c.
|
they supported public schools, the arts, and music.
|
d.
|
they championed freedom and fought to end slavery.
|
e.
|
they settled in compact colonies to preserve their language and culture.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 284
70. Immigrants coming to the United States before 1860
a.
|
depressed the economy due to their poverty.
|
b.
|
found themselves involved in few cultural conflicts.
|
c.
|
had little impact on society until after the Civil War.
|
d.
|
settled mostly in the South.
|
e.
|
helped to fuel economic expansion.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 285
71. Identify the following statement that is false.
a.
|
Land was cheap in America; this helped fuel the immigration flux.
|
b.
|
Money for capital investment was not plentiful in pioneering America.
|
c.
|
Foreign capital was dependent upon security in property rights, sufficient infrastructure, an adequate work force, and political stability.
|
d.
|
Even though capital was lacking, raw materials were widely developed and discovered in America.
|
e.
|
The country had a difficult time producing goods of high quality and cheap cost to compete with mass-produced European products.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 285
72. The "Father of the Factory System" in the United States was
a.
|
Robert Fulton.
|
b.
|
Samuel F. B. Morse.
|
c.
|
Eli Whitney.
|
d.
|
Samuel Slater.
|
e.
|
Thomas Edison.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 285
73. Eli Whitney was instrumental in the invention of the
a.
|
steamboat.
|
b.
|
cotton gin.
|
c.
|
railroad locomotive.
|
d.
|
telegraph.
|
e.
|
repeating revolver.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 285
74. A great deal of the cotton produced in the American South in the early nineteenth century was
a.
|
produced by free labor.
|
b.
|
sold to New England textile mills.
|
c.
|
grown on the Atlantic tidewater plains.
|
d.
|
consumed by the southern textile industry.
|
e.
|
combined with wool to make linsey-woolsey fabrics.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 288
75. Most of the cotton produced in the American South after the invention of the cotton gin was
a.
|
produced by free labor.
|
b.
|
sold to England.
|
c.
|
grown on the tidewater plains.
|
d.
|
consumed by the southern textile industry.
|
e.
|
of the long-staple variety.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 288
76. The American phase of the industrial revolution first blossomed
a.
|
on southern plantations.
|
b.
|
in the New England textile industry.
|
c.
|
in rapidly growing Chicago.
|
d.
|
in railroads and ship building.
|
e.
|
in coal and iron mining regions.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 288
77. As a result of the development of the cotton gin
a.
|
slavery revived and expanded.
|
b.
|
American industry bought more southern cotton than did British manufacturers.
|
c.
|
a nationwide depression ensued.
|
d.
|
the South diversified its economy.
|
e.
|
the textile industry moved to the South.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 289
78. The underlying basis for modern mass production was
a.
|
unionized labor.
|
b.
|
Supreme Court rulings that favored laissez-faire.
|
c.
|
the use of interchangeable parts.
|
d.
|
the principle of limited liability.
|
e.
|
the passing of protective tariffs.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 289
79. The early factory system distributed its benefits
a.
|
mostly to the owners.
|
b.
|
evenly to all.
|
c.
|
primarily in the South.
|
d.
|
to workers represented by unions.
|
e.
|
to overseas investors.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 290
80. Match each individual below with the correct invention.
A.
|
Samuel Morse
|
1.
|
telegraph
|
B.
|
Cyrus McCormick
|
2.
|
mower-reaper
|
C.
|
Elias Howe
|
3.
|
steamboat
|
D.
|
Robert Fulton
|
4.
|
sewing machine
|
a.
|
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
|
b.
|
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
|
c.
|
A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
|
d.
|
A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
|
e.
|
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
|
ANS: B REF: p. 290 | p. 292 | p. 295 | p. 297
81. By the time of the fabled London World's Fair in 1851, American products were prominent among the world's commercial wonders, which included all of the following except
a.
|
Edison's phonograph.
|
b.
|
Goodyear's vulcanized rubber goods.
|
c.
|
Colt's firearms.
|
d.
|
Morse's telegraph.
|
e.
|
McCormick's reaper.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 290
82. The American workforce in the early nineteenth century was characterized by
a.
|
substantial employment of women and children in factories.
|
b.
|
strikes by workers that were few in number but usually effective.
|
c.
|
a general lengthening of the workday from ten to fourteen hours.
|
d.
|
extensive political activity among workers.
|
e.
|
reliance on the system of apprentices and masters.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 293
83. All of the following are true statements about the workers in the Lowell factory system except
a.
|
they were virtually all New England farm girls.
|
b.
|
they were carefully supervised on and off the job by watchful matrons.
|
c.
|
they lived in company boardinghouses and were forbidden to form unions.
|
d.
|
they worked five days a week for twelve to thirteen hours a day.
|
e.
|
they labored under grueling working conditions.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 293
84. One reason that the lot of adult wage earners improved was
a.
|
support gained from the United States Supreme Court.
|
b.
|
the passage of minimum wage laws.
|
c.
|
the passage of laws restricting the use of strikebreakers.
|
d.
|
the enactment of immigration restrictions.
|
e.
|
the enfranchisement of the laboring man.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 290
85. In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, the supreme court of Massachusetts ruled that
a.
|
corporations were unconstitutional.
|
b.
|
labor unions were not illegal conspiracies.
|
c.
|
labor strikes were illegal by violating the Fair Labor Acts.
|
d.
|
the Boston Associates' employment of young women in their factories was inhumane.
|
e.
|
the state could regulate factory wages and working conditions.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 292
86. The cult of domesticity
a.
|
gave women more opportunity to seek employment outside the home.
|
b.
|
resulted in more pregnancies for women.
|
c.
|
restricted women's moral influence on the family.
|
d.
|
glorified the traditional role of women as homemakers.
|
e.
|
was especially strong among rural women.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 294
87. Early-nineteenth-century American families
a.
|
were becoming more loosely knit and less affectionate.
|
b.
|
usually included three generations in the same household.
|
c.
|
taught their children to be unquestioningly obedient.
|
d.
|
usually allowed parents to determine choice of marriage partners.
|
e.
|
were getting smaller.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 294
88. One of the goals of the child-centered family of the 1800s was to
a.
|
raise children who were obedient to authority.
|
b.
|
allow parents to spoil their children.
|
c.
|
raise independent individuals.
|
d.
|
increase the number of children.
|
e.
|
preserve childhood innocence.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 294
89. The effect of early-nineteenth-century industrialization on the trans-Allegheny West was to encourage
a.
|
specialized, cash-crop agriculture.
|
b.
|
slavery.
|
c.
|
self-sufficient farming.
|
d.
|
heavy industry.
|
e.
|
higher tariffs.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 295
90. With the development of cash-crop agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West
a.
|
subsistence farming became common.
|
b.
|
farmers began to support the idea of slave labor.
|
c.
|
farmers quickly faced mounting indebtedness.
|
d.
|
the South could harvest a larger crop.
|
e.
|
the issue of farm surpluses came to the fore.
|
ANS: C REF: p. 296
91. The first major transportation project, which ran sixty-two miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was the
a.
|
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
|
b.
|
National (Cumberland) Road.
|
c.
|
Erie Canal.
|
d.
|
St. Lawrence Seaway.
|
e.
|
Lancaster Turnpike.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 296
92. After the construction of the Lancaster Turnpike and the Cumberland (National) Road, road building slowed somewhat because of
a.
|
corruption in construction contracts.
|
b.
|
the inability to construct hard-surface highways.
|
c.
|
eastern states' opposition.
|
d.
|
the steamboat and canal boom.
|
e.
|
the reluctance of shippers to move their products by road.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 296
93. Western road building faced all of the following problems except
a.
|
the expense.
|
b.
|
states' rights advocates' opposition.
|
c.
|
eastern states' opposition.
|
d.
|
competition from canals.
|
e.
|
wartime interruptions.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 296
94. The major application for steamboats transporting freight and passengers in the United States was on
a.
|
New England streams.
|
b.
|
western and southern rivers.
|
c.
|
the Great Lakes.
|
d.
|
the Gulf of Mexico.
|
e.
|
coastal waterways.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 297
95. The canal era of American history began with the construction of the
a.
|
Mainline Canal in Pennsylvania.
|
b.
|
James River and Kanasha Canal from Virginia to Ohio.
|
c.
|
Wabash Canal in Indiana.
|
d.
|
Suez Canal in Illinois.
|
e.
|
Erie Canal in New York.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 298
96. Construction of the Erie Canal
a.
|
forced some New England farmers to move or change occupations.
|
b.
|
showed how long-established local markets could survive a continental economy.
|
c.
|
helped farmers so much that industrialization was slowed.
|
d.
|
was aided by federal money.
|
e.
|
created political tensions between the Northeast and the Midwest.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 298
97. Most early railroads in the United States were built in the
a.
|
North.
|
b.
|
Old South.
|
c.
|
lower Mississippi Valley.
|
d.
|
Far West.
|
e.
|
Appalachian Mountains.
|
ANS: A REF: p. 299
98. Compared with canals, railroads
a.
|
were more expensive to construct.
|
b.
|
transported freight more slowly.
|
c.
|
were generally safer.
|
d.
|
were susceptible to weather delays.
|
e.
|
could be built almost anywhere.
|
ANS: E REF: p. 299
99. In the new continental economy, each region specialized in a particular economic activity: the South ____ for export; the West grew grains and livestock to feed ____; and the East ____ for the other two regions.
a.
|
raised grain, southern slaves, processed meat
|
b.
|
grew cotton, southern slaves, made machines and textiles
|
c.
|
grew cotton, eastern factory workers, made machines and textiles
|
d.
|
raised grain, eastern factory workers, made furniture and tools
|
e.
|
processed meat, southern slaves, raised grain
|
ANS: C REF: p. 302
100. In general, ____ tended to bind the West and South together, while ____ and ____ connected West to East.
a.
|
steamboats, canals, railroads
|
b.
|
railroads, canals, steamboats
|
c.
|
canals, steamboats, turnpikes
|
d.
|
turnpikes, steamboats, canals
|
e.
|
turnpikes, railroads, steamboats
|
ANS: A REF: p. 302
101. All of the following were legal questions raised as a result of the new market economy except
a.
|
how tightly should patents protect inventions?
|
b.
|
should the government regulate monopolies?
|
c.
|
can a democratic government still support slavery?
|
d.
|
who should own these new technologies?
|
e.
|
who should own the new transportation network?
|
ANS: C REF: p. 302
102. As the new continental market economy grew
a.
|
individual households became increasingly self-sufficient.
|
b.
|
the home came to be viewed as a refuge from the workday world.
|
c.
|
traditional women's work became more highly valued and increasingly important.
|
d.
|
respect for women as homemakers declined.
|
e.
|
the home lost most of its importance for family life.
|
ANS: B REF: p. 303
103. A major economic consequence of the transportation and marketing revolutions was
a.
|
a lessening of the gap between great wealth and poverty.
|
b.
|
a stabilization of the work force in industrial cities.
|
c.
|
the declining significance of American agriculture.
|
d.
|
a steady improvement in average wages and standards of living.
|
e.
|
the growing realization of the rags-to-riches American dream.
|
ANS: D REF: p. 304
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