Chapter 13: Crisis and Rebirth: Europe in the 14th and 15th Centuries

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  Mongols created a vast empire and secured trade routes, same trade routes also spread disease: bubonic plague
  
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  14^th century: famine, economic depression, war, social upheaval, rise in crime and violence, decline in power of Catholic Church
  
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  15^th century: humanism, Renaissance
  

The Black Death

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  Yersinia pestis: spread by fleas carried by rats
  
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  Spread along trade routes: (video)
  
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  Europe: 1347-1350
  
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  Many felt it was punishment from God
  
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    Flagellants
    
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    Anti-Semitism
    

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  Price of labor increased
  
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  Peasant revolts
  
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    English Peasants Revolt 1381
    
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    Jacquerie in France 1358
    
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  Gender division of labor continued w/ new guilds
  

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  Italy/ Venetians
  
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  Hanseatic League: northern Europe (Flanders)
  
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  Banking: House of Medici Family
  

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  Began over duchy of Gascony: held by English King in France
  
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  Philip VI of France vs. Edward III of England
  
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  Foot soldiers important
  
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  Battle of Crecy: English Won
  
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  1415: English Henry V vs. French dauphin Charles
  
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    Joan of Arc
    
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      Battle of Orleans
      
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      Accused of witchcraft and burned at the stake: (1920 made a saint)
      
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  Use of canon and gunpowder important
  

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  Centralization of power of monarchical governments
  
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  France, England, Spain
  
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    France: Louis XI “Spider” taille system
    
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    England: Henry VII: Tudors: diplomacy to avoid wars
    
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    Spain: Isabella and Ferdinand: military strengthened, Catholicism as unifier in Spain (Inquisition)
    
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  Holy Roman Empire
  
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    Germany: many independent principalities
    
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    Hapsburg Family: rose to prominence in Austria
    
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  Eastern Europe
  
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    Poland/ Hungary Roman Catholic
    
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    Russia: Orthodox
    
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      Ivan III able to remove Mongols from power in Russia 1480
      

Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire

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  1453: Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks and renamed Istanbul
  
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  Ottoman Turks: Muslim
  
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  Continued to expand into Eastern Europe
  
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    Europeans wanted alternate routes to Asia not controlled by Ottomans- leads to Exploration
    

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  Independent city-states
  
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  Venice
  
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  Milan
  
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  Florence
  
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    Medici Family
    
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  Isabella d’Este: “first lady of the world”
  

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  The Prince
  
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    Acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power as a means to restore and maintain order in his time
    
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    The ends justify the means
    

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  Pope Boniface VIII vs. King Philip IV of France
  
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    Fought over right to tax French clergy
    
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    Boniface excommunicated Philip
    
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    Philip kidnapped Boniface who died from shock
    
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    New pope: Clement V was chosen and resided in Avignon (French influence)
    

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  most felt pope should reside in Rome
  
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  Influence of French kings over popes
  

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  Two popes chosen: Urban VI (Italian) and Clement VII (French)
  
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  Many became disenchanted w/ the Catholic Church b/c of its political struggles
  
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  Council of Constance called: Pope Martin V instated (Roman)
  

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  Jan Hus
  
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    Leader of Czech reformers in Prague
    
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    Arrested and burned at the stake as a heretic
    
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  Popes eventually regained position in Catholic Church but never regained comparable power over the temporal governments again
  

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  End of the Great Schism (1417) to beginning of Reformation
  
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  Spiritual vs. temporal responsibilities
  
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  Julius II – involved in War and politics (golden armor)
  
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  Nepotism
  
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  Ignoring vows of chastity: illegitimate children
  
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  Patrons of Renaissance culture
  
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  Pope Leo X of Medici Family
  
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Characteristics of Italian Renaissance

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  Urban Society
  
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  Secular spirit
  
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  Interest in Greco-Roman culture
  
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  Humanism: individual potential
  
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  Elitist movement
  

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  Middle Ages: 1. Clergy 2. Nobility 3. Everyone else
  
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  Aritstocrats:
  
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    The Book of the Courtier Baldassare Castiglione
    
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      Well-rounded and polished individuals
      

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  Third Estate
  
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    Decline of serfdom
    
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    Merchants/Artisans in Towns/Cities
    

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  Marriage
  
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    Often Arranged
    
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    Large Dowry from woman’s family to groom
    
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    Italy: children had to be emancipated to become adults
    
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    Childbirth dangerous, but wanted many children due to high child mortality rate
    

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  Humanism
  
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    Study of the classics, liberal arts
    
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    Petrarch: “father of humanism”
    
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      Cicero and Virgil as standards
      
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  Neoplatonism
  
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    Synthesize Christianity and Platonism
    
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    Hierarchy of substances: plants to God w/ humans in the middle
    
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    Platonic love (all are bond by sympathetic love)
    
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    Ex: Platonic friendship
    
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  Hermeticism
  
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    Believed humans were created as divine but chose to enter the material world
    
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    Could regain their divinity through purification of the soul
    
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    Became Sages or Magi
    
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  Education
  
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    “Liberal arts”
    
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    Educate an elite ruling class
    
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    Religion and morals for women
    
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  Vernacular
  
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    Language spoken in own regions
    
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      Dante: The Divine Comedy: souls progression to salvation: hell, purgatory, and heaven
      
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      Christine de Pizan: The Book of the City of Ladies
      
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  Impact of Printing
  
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    Movable metal type
    
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    Johannes Gutenberg
    

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  Perspective and outdoor space and light
  
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  Movement and anatomical structure
  
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  Leonardo da Vinci: Last Supper, Mona Lisa
  
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  Raphael: Madonnas, School of Athens
  
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  Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel
  

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  Exact portrayal of their world
  
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  Jan van Eyck: oil paint Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
  
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  Emotional intensity of religious feeling
  
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  Albrect Durer: Adoration of the Magi