Ch24/Sec1: The Ottoman Empire Egypt & the Napoleonic Example

1. 
   Egypt & the Napoleonic Example, 1798-1840
   

1. 
   Napoleonic Invasion
   

• 
  Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798
  
• 
  Defeated the Mamluk forces
  
• 
  French withdrew in 1801, leaving a power vacuum  Muhammad Ali
  

• 
  Commander in Ottoman army
  
• 
  Sent by Sultan to regain control of Egypt
  
• 
  Took place of governor in 1805
  
• 
  Removed Mamluks from power in 1811
  

2. 
   Military Reforms: based on the French military practices
   

• 
  Conscription army
  
• 
  Military schools that taught modern European techniques
  
• 
  Officers trained in France
  

• 
  Removed the Saudi clan from Mecca & Medina
  
• 
  Involved in Greek War for independence
  
• 
  Attacked Anatolia
  

• 
  Family of Ali ruled Egypt until 1952
  

1. 
   First attempt at reform
   

• 
  Sultan Selim III (r.1789-1807)
  
• 
  Attempted to reform military, centralize power, standardize taxes
  
• 
  Failed due to resistance by Janissaries and ulama
  
• 
  Failed reforms led to military uprising
  
• 
  Selim was jailed & executed in 1807
  

• 
  Sultan Mahmud (r.1808-1839) saw that empire was backward & weakening
  

- Greek independence in 1829

 Created new artillery unit in 1826  Janissaries revolted  artillery unit bombarded Janissary barracks  Janissary corps dissolved

3. Tanzimat: “reorganization”

- Public trials

- Equality before the law

- Conscription into the army (regardless of religion)

- Ended tax farming

- New law codes modeled on European, no Shari’a law

C. The Crimean War & Its Aftermath, 1853-1877

1. 
   Conflict with Russia
   

• 
  Russia wanted access to the Black Sea
  
• 
  Free access to Mediterranean
  
• 
  Expanded south at the expense of the Ottomans
  

2. The Crimean War

• 
  Began as dispute over access to churches in Jerusalem
  
• 
  Russia invaded the Balkans
  
  • 
    Britain, France & Kingdom of Sardinia & Piedmont allied with Ottomans
    
• 
  War fought in Romania, on the Black Sea and Crimean Peninsula
  

• 
  Russian expansion to the south blocked
  
• 
  Tsar weakened
  
• 
  First time propaganda used to generate support for war
  

• 
  England and France
  

• 
  Transition to modern warfare
  

- Breech loading rifle

- End of the significance of cavalry forces

4. Problems associated with the reforms

• 
  Dependence on foreign loans
  
• 
  Trade deficit
  
• 
  Inflation
  
• 
  In the 1860s and 1870s, discussion of a law that would have permitted all men to vote
  

- contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories

5. 
   The decline of Ottoman power and wealth
   

• 
  Young Ottomans
  

- a group of educated urban men

• 
  Constitutionalism
  
• 
  liberal reform
  
• 
  creation of a Turkish national state
  

• 
  A constitution was granted in 1876
  
• 
  a coup soon placed a more conservative ruler on the throne
  
• 
  The Ottoman Empire continued its weakened existence under the sponsorship of the Western powers until 1922.