Birth of Medieval Europe
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- Battle of Tours
- The Catholic Church was the institution that gave a sense of unity to Western Europe -The leading power in the Middle Ages
- Illuminated manuscripts
- A New Social Order: Feudalism
- Peasant Crusade
- High Middle Ages – 1000-1300
- MAGNA CARTA – 1215 -the King is not above the law and guaranteed basic political rights – no taxation w/o representation
- Late Middle Ages 1300-1500
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MIDDLE AGES aka MEDIEVAL PERIOD 800-1500 Birth of Medieval Europe-The decline of Roman authority gave rise to a new way of life -Western Europe was in confusion 1. trade was disrupted -invasions hurt trade -businesses collapsed -money scarce 2. Cities declined -no strong government 3. Population shifts -people retreated to rural areas 4. Learning declined -schools disappeared -usually only church officials were literate -knowledge of Greek was lost -very little written literature 5. Latin was no longer the universal language -different languages developed
Germanic Influences -Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces -Germanic tribes lived in small communities – people pledged loyalty to the chieftains and tribes – not the public state -made it hard to unify large areas -no written law The Franks -a Germanic tribe in Gaul (France) -Clovis 496 -adopted Christianity b/c he won a battle -created an alliance between the Franks and the Catholic Church -established the Merovingian Dynasty -Merovingian Dynasty began to decline – power shifted to the Mayors of the Palace” – an office controlled by the Carolingian Family Carolingian Franks -Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) -expanded Franks reign -Defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours **stopped the Muslim advance in Western Europe* --Pepin the Short -Martel’s son -aligned with the Church – defeated the Lombards
-strong supporter of the Church through military conquests -united Western Europe – very powerful -Pope crowned Charlemagne emperor on Christmas Day 800 -encouraged education -scholars standardized handwriting -controlled his large empire through traveling agents -excellent organizer – he frequently traveled -forced Christianity on the Saxons to subdue them -made agreements w/the Abbasids (Muslims) After Charlemagne’s son died the empire was divided -Treaty of Verdun 843: divided the empire among his three grandsons -eventually broke up due to invasions & fighting
-The guardian and interpreter of religious truth & the way to heaven Church Organization -Different levels of clergy- religious officials -Monks and Nuns
community (monastery or convent) -lived apart from society: devoted to prayer & good works -helped sick, preserved learning -copied books -Illuminated manuscripts: books w/beautiful illustrations -Priests -main connection with the Church & God -administered the sacraments – religious ceremonies
-archbishops and bishops – important clergy -supervised the priests/ settled disputes over church doctrine -Pope -leader of the Church -responsible for all Christian souls -his office is called the Papacy
Due to situation after the fall of Rome, people turned to local lords w/their own armies for protection – not a central ruler Lords not kings held the most political power Feudalism
King
Lords (Nobles) Lords (Nobles)    
Knights, Knights, Knights, Knights, Knights,   
Serfs , Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Serfs, Manorial System -An economic system that grew out of feudalism -Manor – lord’s estate -Serfs worked the land for the Lord -Lord provided serfs with housing, land to farm, and protection -All peasants (free or serf) owed the Lord a few days labor a week -A manor was self contained community -Usually about 15-30 families Life: -Tax on all grain ground in the Lord’s mill -Peasants paid a tax on marriage, needed lord’s permission to marry -cottages were crowded – lived with the animals -no chimney -brown bread and cheese -not allowed to hunt on lord’s land – death penalty -if you ran away and stayed away a year and a day – free Knights and Chivalry -nobles often warred -Knights were the most skilled warriors – granted fiefs -Typically fought 40 days a year – glory & respect -Tournaments: practice war games – very violent -Jousting Chivalry -a code of ideals to live by -fought for God, the feudal lord, and lady -protect the weak & young Weapons: -knights wore armor & fought w/sword & lance -castles protected by towers & walls, - designed for defense -narrow slats for windows, high on hill -Archers used crossbows -p.329 for other things Life in the castle -entertained by traveling troubadours- poet/musician -idealized love & women Women
-Eleanor of Aquitaine 1122-1204 -From France -Became Queen of England/ 2 sons kings -very smart & ruled England when hubby was away -Chivalry idealized women but the Church taught they were inferior -Women’s roles more limited to home & hearth -However, -noblewomen could inherit property -send Knights to war -fought to defend the castle -by the end of the Middle Ages even noblewomen held less power
-Church’s mission to save souls -Christians who disobeyed the Church – faced excommunication- could not receive the sacraments therefore -lost property, treated as an outcast and would burn -Canon Law – law of the Church -everyone had to obey – mainly social and conduct laws
-Otto I
-in the region of Saxony (Germany) -named HRE – formed an alliance w/the Church to limit the power of the nobles -Dominated the Church in that area -eventually is granted the title Holy Roman Emperor -Church felt like they could crown or dethrone -but Italians did not like a German having so much power in the Church -Church was more involved in government -the Papacy was a political prize -Bishops often appointed by Kings/Queens -Some of the clergy was corrupt Investiture Struggle -lay investiture – Kings/Queens appointed church officials -Issue: Civil rulers and popes each claimed the right to appoint Church officials -Invest = endow or give power -Pope Gregory wanted to deny HRE Henry IV of his investiture power -Henry called the Pope names/ The Pope excommunicated Henry -This makes him lose the feudal loyalty of his vassals -Some nobles took advantage and civil war broke out Showdown at Canossa -Henry travels to Canossa to beg the Pope’s forgiveness -It was granted -Henry goes back home and appoints bishops – excommunicated 2x -Henry marches on Rome and drives the Pope into exile Concordat of Worms 1122 -finally settles the investiture struggle 1. Church appoints religious officials – invested w/ religious authority 2. The Emperor had veto power and granted land The Age of Faith -in the 1100s a wave of religious piety swept across Europe -Reformers sought to fix problems in the Church 1. Priests were marrying 2. Simony – selling of Church offices 3. Lay investiture – reformers wanted only the Church to appoint -Reforms of Cluny -a very pious order of Monks/Nuns -spread to other areas: Cistercian Monks – very pious/hard life -even the Popes were influenced by these reforms -Popes sent diplomats throughout Europe promoting Canon Law -Italy
-Frederick I “Barbarossa” – Red Beard -wanted to unite German & Italy -Pope was threatened by this action and encouraged northern Italian cities to unite against Frederick – -Unification of Italy became impossible -Popes influence & power became very strong – height by 1100s -Friars: Spread the “Word” Lived among the community Very poor Two famous orders of Friars/Monks
Cathedrals – BIG Churches – “City of God” -took many generations- 200 years or more -Two main styles of architecture 1. Romanesque (800-1100) -rounded arches, thick walls -heavy, clunky, small windows 2. Gothic (1100s-1400 -high pointed arches -spires, stained glass -“flying buttresses” -Cathedral at Notre Dame, Chartres ( Rose Window)
-Goal: take back the holy land form the Muslims
-Christians were be persecuted -Strengthen papal power -a good channel of energy- got rid of troublesome Knights -if you died on the Crusade – guaranteed heaven -People very caught up in the Crusading spirit -Most never reached the holy lands -Undisciplined mobs that slaughtered French and German Jews – Peasant Crusade -Fanaticism- extreme dedication to a belief 1st Crusade -reached Jerusalem in 1099 -controlled a narrow strip of land – the Crusader States 2nd Crusade 1147-49 -Muslims take the land back 3rd Crusades -European leaders: Frederick I (Ger), Richard the Lion-hearted (BR) & Philip Augustus (Fr) -Richard is the only one to reach the holy land -Saladin – led the Muslims -Truce: Muslims controlled Jerusalem and Christians would be free to travel 4th Crusade -Pope Innocent III called for another -sacked Constantinople -permanent split between Roman Church and EO Other Crusades -Children’s Crusade – -30,000 French youths set out -ended in Marseilles – died, sold into slavery Reconquista – The Recapture of European lands – esp. Spain -Muslims had taken over Spain in the 700s -Trade/commerce flourished -Cordova – modern city -Muslim/Christians got along
-Spanish Inquisition – a church trial ( Star Chamber) to force Heretics into confessing –trials, torture - then killed -Muslims finally driven out under Isabella & Ferdinand in 1492
1.Weakened Papal Prestige 2.Introduced new products: sugar, rice, spices 3.Increased the wealth of the Italian city states – ships 4.Feudalism is weakened greatly – Kings/Queens more power 5.New technology & knowledge – sharing of knowledge/culture High Middle Ages – 1000-1300 -Same time as: Crusades, Church Reform -Towns grew/ Food production increased Why do we have the growth of towns? 1. Increased food production -used horses now – harness -3 field system -one field fallow – other two in production 2. More food resulted in increased population 3. Trade expanded -people were becoming artisans – craftsmen
-Trade fairs – big events Businesses & Guilds -Guilds – association of people who worked at the same occupation -controlled wages & prices -set standards: apprentice, journeyman (worked for a daily wage) then master craftsman -Finance: cash became a must -Jewish people were the bankers Life in towns -usually walled -serfs fled to towns – year & day= freedom -smelly/dirty/fire -Burghers – trade dwellers -began to demand more rights Significance of Towns 1. led to the rise of a middle class -merchants/craftsmen -townsmen had more money & freedom 2. decline in feudalism & serfdom 3. better ways of handling money developed -moneychangers: exchanged coins from one region to another -eventually became bankers -encouraged more trade 4. Revival of Learning -Universities began to rise up -Writers began to using the vernacular –everyday language -Dante – The Divine Comedy -Geoffry Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales -Beowulf -learned lots form the Muslims -Thomas Aquinas: - religious truth could be proved by logic
-As feudalism dies – it is replaced by strong monarchies -Townspeople support monarchies –
England -Alfred the Great – turned back the Vikings -eventually united – England – land of the Angles -1016 – Danes conquered England Norman Conquest -1066 William the Conqueror – Battle of Hastings -from Normandy -conquered England -strong central authority – stern ruler
Henry II (1154-1189) -Great king – very smart -married Eleanor of Aquitaine -controlled Normandy & SW France /England -expanded power of royal courts by sending circuit judges to countryside -juries of local people -grand juries and trial juries -**juries were recorded and became basis for common law – unwritten law*** -Church opposed this expanded court authority – -Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury – openly opposed Henry -4 Knights killed him in the Cathedral -John I
-central govt. became too oppressive -lost Normandy and land in northern France -high taxes to finance wars -nobles revolted and forced John to sign MAGNA CARTA – 1215 -the King is not above the law and guaranteed basic political rights – no taxation w/o representation **these rights eventually extended to all citizens* **basic principle in American govt** -Parliament -law making body of England -power struggles between Parliament & King -House of Lords – nobles - inherited -House of Commons – landowners – more representative -Kings will gradually lose all power
-Monarchy started 987 with Hugh Capet -by 1300 French king ruled most of central & southern France -Philip II -took Normandy away from King John -very powerful -Louis IX -expanded courts -weakened feudal ties -Philip IV -clashed with the Pope over taxation -established the Estates General – law making for France -1st Estate – Church -2nd Estate – Nobles -3rd Estate – commoners German
-City states -Trade league – Hanseatic League -controlled all the trade in Northern Europe along the Baltic
-marked by turmoil between countries and natural disasters Church Divided -Philip IV of France and Pope fought -Pope said the King must answer to him -Philip captured the Pope and made him prisoner/rescued/died -eventually got a French Pope elected and moved the Papacy to -Avignon – just a pawn of the King (67 years -known as Babylonian Captivity -Italians demanded a Roman -For a while two Popes and then a 3rd -this split is known as the Great Schism -eventually settled People Question Papal Authority -John Wycliff – Pope was not true head of the Church – Jesus was -Jan Hus – taught the Bible was higher than that of the Pope -burnt at the stake =heresy Bubonic Plague – the Black Death -reached Europe in 1347 -followed trade routes -carried by fleas on rats -blamed Jews – thousands massacred -est. 25 million dead Effects:
-town populations fell/trade declined -peasants demanded better wages -Church suffered loss in power -people became more cynical -speeds up the changes that had been occurring – ending Middle Ages
-France v. England -England wins in the beginning -Battle of Crecy -English use long-bowman -Battle of Agincourt – again the long bow -Joan of Arc helps France defeat England -England captures her and burns her at the stake -France wins Effects of the War 1 birth to strong nationalism – identified with one’s country 2. monarchs grew strong 3. French monarchy under Louis XI – becomes absolute – power of the nobles very limited 4.England grew very strong 5. England faced a civil war – War of the Roses -House of Lancaster (red) vs House of York (white) -Lancaster wins – establishes the Tudor dynasty -Henry VII becomes king 6. Middle Ages & Feudalism is DEAD 7. Church power begins to decline Directory: userfiles -> 193 -> Classes -> 484 userfiles -> Accelerated Reader Quiz List Reading Practice userfiles -> A good Man is Hard to Find userfiles -> Introduction userfiles -> President George Washington userfiles -> Unit 11: political developments in the early republic setting the stage: launching the new republic 484 -> Cultural and Academic Achievements of Ancient and Greece Share with your friends:
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