Ap european History Chapter 9: The Late Middle Ages Outline

AP European History

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  Barbara Tuchman, a prominent historian, describes the late Middle Ages as The Calamitous Fourteenth Century. Western Civilization was assaulted on several fronts including:
  
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    The Black Death (1348-1352)
    
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    The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) between France and England
    
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    Schism in the Catholic Church (1378-1417)
    
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    Invasions by the Turks
    
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  Amidst this mayhem, scholars began to criticize medieval assumptions about the nature of God, humankind, and society.
  

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  Section Overview:
  
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    Keep in mind that the plague struck Europe at a moment of vulnerability as the continent was overpopulated and malnourished.
    
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  Preconditions and Causes of the Plague
  
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    From 1000-1300, Europe’s population doubled
    
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      Population growth strained the food supply
      
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      Population growth led to high unemployment and low wages
      
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      Crop failures between 1315 and 1317 exacerbated the food shortage crisis
      
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    Black Death followed trade routes from Asia
    
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      Plague moved from south to north along major trade routes
      
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  Popular Remedies
  
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    Corruption in the atmosphere was believed to be the cause of the plague
    
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      some blamed poisonous fumes from earthquakes
      
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    Remedies
    
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      many wore “aromatic” amulets
      
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      lifestyle changes
      
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        some thought moderate and temperate living would save them from the plague
        
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        some indulged in excess (sexual promiscuity ran high in infected areas)
        
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        others chose to flee the plague or remain in seclusion
        
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      religious fanatacism
      
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        flagellants
        
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        Jews as scapegoats
        
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          Pogroms occurred in several cities
          
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  Social and Economic Consequences
  
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    Farms decline
    
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      Supply and demand (fewer laborers, higher wages; less demand for food, lower prices for agricultural products)
      
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      many serfs demanded money payments and some pursued the more lucrative skilled craft industries in cities; the price of luxury and manufactured goods rose
      
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      Noble landholders lost power as they were forced to pay more for finished products and for farm labor, while receiving a smaller return on their agricultural produce
      
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    Peasants Revolt
    
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      England
      
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        To recover losses, landholders instituted oppressive laws that forced peasants to stay on their farms while freezing their wages at low levels.
        
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          ie. English Parliament passed a Statute of Laborers which set low prices for farm laborers and limited their mobility
          
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        English Peasants’ Revolt in 1381
        
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      France
      
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        Increase over the taille rate (mandatory tax on peasants) led to the Jacquiere (peasants’ revolt)
        
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    Cities Rebound
    
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      Omnipresence of death demand for luxury items (silks, furs, jewelry, furniture) prosperous cities
      
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        cities expanded legal autonomy from nobles and kings they had enjoyed prior to the plague and expanded their influence to surrounding areas.
        
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        Skilled artisans fought to retain the right to limit the number of people in their industries
        
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      Impact of the plague on Church
      
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        Suffered as a landowner and was politically weakened
        
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        Some increased revenue due to volume of religious services and donations in honor of the dead
        
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  New Conflicts and Opportunities
  
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    Guilds gained political power in local governments
    
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      Guild masters and journeymen came into conflict as the former wanted to restrict the number of masters while the latter wanted to become a master
      
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      Merchant and patrician classes could no longer bully the artisans
      
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    Kings expanded their power and fostered nationalism as the influence of the nobility and the church waned
    
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      Hundred Years’ War showed the military superiority of paid professional soldiers over that of the traditional noble cavalry
      

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  Section Overview
  
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    Throughout the fourteenth century, the monarchies of England and France demanded greater loyalty from their lords which, in turn, broke down regionalism and led to the rise of national consciousness
    
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    Nationalist sentiments festered, giving way to the Hundred Years’ War
    
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  The Causes of the War
  
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    Dynastic struggle
    
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      English king Edward III, the grandson of Philip the Fair of France, made a claim to the French throne after the French king Charles IV, the last of Philip’s surviving sons, died without a male heir.
      
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      The French nobles named the first cousin of Charles IV, Philip VI of Valois, king and his dynasty would rule into the sixteenth century.
      
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    Relationship between England and France
    
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      King of England was technically a vassal of the king of France, as English monarchs possessed sizeable French territories dating back to the Norman conquest
      
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        French kings and nobles found it repugnant that England’s king owned land in France
        
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      England and France quarreled over control of Flanders
      
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      General animosity between England and France
      
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    French Weakness
    
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      Internal disunity as French monarchy was still undergoing centralization campaign
      
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      Economic troubles
      
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      Inferior military (English archers gave England a clear advantage)
      
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      Mediocre leadership from the French monarchs (England’s kings were shrewd)
      
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  The Progress of the War
  
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    Three major stages
    
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      Stage One: The Conflict during the reign of Edward III
      
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        Edward embargoed English wool to Flanders which inspired rebellions by merchants and trade guilds against the French monarchy in Flemish cities (Jacob van Artevelde, a rich merchant, organized the revolts)
        
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          The Flemish cities entered an alliance with the English and recognized Edward III as their king
          
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        English naval victory in the Bay of Sluys was first major battle of the war
        
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        Battle of Crecy (1340)
        
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          English victory in Normandy that led to the seizure of the French port of Calais
          
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        pause in action during the plague years
        
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        Battle of Poitiers (1356)
        
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          Stunning English victory over the French noble cavalry
          
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          French King John II taken hostage by the English
          
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            French Estates General took power in France and used the opportunity to gain rights like those achieved by England’s nobles in the Magna Carta
            
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        French nobles increase the taille to repair damages from war and the peasants revolt in what is known as the Jacquerie (1358)
        
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          Revolt was quickly stamped out
          
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        Peace of Bretigny-Calais (1360)
        
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          Ended English monarchs vassalage to the French king and affirmed England’s king sovereignty over Gascony, Guyenne, Poitou, and Calais.
          
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          France paid a ransom of 3 million gold crowns for King John II
          
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      Stage Two: French Defeat and the Treaty of Troyes
      
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        After Edward III died in 1377, England experience domestic issues during the reign of Richard II
        
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          English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
          
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            John Ball and Wat Tyler led the revolt
            
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            peasants and artisans joined together to demand privileges
            
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        England resumed the war under Henry V
        
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          Battle of Agincourt (1415)
          
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            English victory that left a large percentage of the French nobility dead
            
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            France powerless against England
            
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          Treaty of Troyes (1420)
          
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            named Henry V the successor to the French king, Charles VI
            
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              when Henry V and Charles VI died within months of each other, the infant Henry VI of England was proclaimed in Paris to be the king of both France and England
              
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            son of Chalres VII was acknowledges as king by most of the French people and this raised the sense of nationalism in France
            
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      Stage Three: Joan of Arc and the War’s Conclusion
      
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        Joan of Arc and the siege of Orleans
        
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          Peasant from Lorraine in eastern France who visited Charles VII and claimed that God had called her to expel the English from the province of Orleans
          
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          Although skeptical, Charles was desperate and put her in command of an army
          
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          Joan successfully ousted the English from Orleans and France experienced a wave of victories
          
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        The capture of Joan of Arc
        
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          The Burgundians, who were allies of the English, captured and turned Joan of Arc over to the Inquisition in England
          
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          She was executed as a heretic on May 30, 1431
          
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          Charles VII declared her innocent 25 years later
          
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          The Roman Catholic Church canonized her as a saint in 1920.
          
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        The duke of Burgundy made peace with the French king in 1435, allowing France to push the English back
        
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        By 1453, when the war ended, England maintained control of only Calais
        
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      Implications of the Hundred Years’ War
      
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        Awakened French nationalism and called for the transition to a centralized state
        
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        Burgundy became a major European power
        
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        England developed its own clothing industry and foreign markets as they could not rely on the Netherlands during the conflict due to its see-sawing allegiance throughout the war
        
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        English and French peasants faced high taxation to pay for the cost of war
        

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  Section Overview
  
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    By the latter thirteenth-century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be extremely powerful.
    
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      Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
      
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      The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
      
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      Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
      
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  The Thirteenth-Century Papacy
  
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    Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) and the height of papal power
    
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      Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
      
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        declare saints
        
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        dispose benefices
        
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        create a centralized papal monarchy with a clear political mission
        
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      secularization of the Church during Innocent’s reign as pope ignited the criticisms that would last until the Protestant Reformation
      
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    Pope Urban IV (r. 1261-1264)
    
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      Urban IV established the Rota Romana, the papacy’s own court of law
      
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    Other power grabs made by the church in the thirteenth-century
    
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      popes claimed the right to determine appointments to many church offices
      
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      expansion of the church’s bureaucracy
      
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      made clerical taxes instituted to raise money for the Crusades permanent
      
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    Impact of these reforms
    
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      Rome’s interest, not local needs, came to control church policies and the church in Rome slowly began to lost popular support
      
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      heretical groups like the Cathars and Waldensians advocated apostolic piety
      
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    political fragmentation
    
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      During the centuries that the Holy Roman Emperor intervened and threatened Italy, the city-states and the papacy stood united. When the Holy Roman Emperor became irrelevant on the Italian Peninsula, the pope and College of Cardinals became the targeted by their former allies.
      
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        Charles of Anjou, the French king of Naples and Sicily, used his influence to create a French-Sicilian faction within the college of cardinals
        
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        Rules for a conclave
        
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        Pope Celestine V
        
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          devout, but inept, hermit who was elected pope in 1294
          
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          forced to resign under suspicious circumstances
          
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          died under suspicious circumstances
          
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          Pope Boniface VIII, a nobleman and skilled politician (the antithesis of Celestine V), elected pope
          
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  Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair
  
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    Historical background
    
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      Boniface became pope at the same time as England and France were maturing nation-states.
      
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        Edward I promoted unity in England by organizing formal meetings with the newly formed Parliament
        
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        Philip IV centralized the monarchy in France and was determined to end England’s landholdings in France, control wealthy Flanders, and establish French hegemony in the Holy Roman Empire.
        
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      Essentially, the pope was no longer a match for the budding nation-states of western Europe
      
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    Royal Challenge to Papal Authority
    
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      Conflict between King Edward I and Pope Boniface VIII over the king’s right to tax the clergy in England.
      
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        Edward I taxed clergy for a “crusade” to help finance England’s mobilization effort
        
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        Innocent issues a papal bull Clericos Iaicos
        
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          forbade lay taxation of the clergy without papal approval
          
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        Edward I retaliated by denying the clergy the right to be heard in royal courts, thus denying them the king’s protection in legal matters
        
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      Conflict between Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII
      
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        Philip prohibited the export of money from France to Rome, which bankrupted the Church
        
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        Boniface responded by giving the king of France the right to tax the clergy in France “during an emergency”
        
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      Conflict between Boniface and the Colonnas (noble family)
      
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        Colonnas were radical followers of St. Francis and accused Boniface of heresy, the murder to Celestine V, and simony.
        
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      Another conflict between Boniface and Edward I
      
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        Boniface encouraged and supported Scottish resistance to English rule
        
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      Another conflict between Boniface and Philip IV
      
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        Philip arrested Boniface’s Parisian legate (a diplomat), Bernard Saisset (who was also a powerful secular lord and potential rival to the king’s power)
        
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        Boniface issues Ausculta fili, “Listen, My Son” which states, “God has set popes over kings and kingdoms
        
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    Unam Sanctum
    
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      Boniface VIII’s declaration that the temporal authority was subject to the spiritual power of the Church
      
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      Philip reacted aggressively to Unam Sanctum
      
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        Pope Boniface VIII was declared a heretic in France
        
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        Philip’s army captured and beat up the pope before a crown rescued Boniface and returned him to Rome; the pope died shortly thereafter
        
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      Pope Clement V (r. 1305-1314) succeeds Boniface and is subservient to the French king
      
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        Clement declared that Unam Sanctum does not diminish the power of the French monarchy
        
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        Clement moved the papal court to Avignon, a city on the southeastern border of France, where it remained from 1311-1377.
        
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  The Avignon Papacy
  
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    Papacy under strong French influence while in Avignon
    
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    Clement V in need of revenue
    
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      Started the practice of collect annates, the first year’s income of a new benefice
      
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      Started the practice of selling indulgences, pardons for unrepented sins.
      
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        Not surprisingly, the church marketed the idea of purgatory during this same period
        
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    Avignon papacy gained a reputation for materialism and corruption
    
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    Pope John XXII (1316-1334)
    
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      Pope John XXII tried to restore papal independence and return to Italy and created several enemies in the process
      
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        the Visconti, the ruling family in Milan, did not want to see the papacy return to Rome
        
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        Pope John XXII instigated a feud with Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV when he refused to accept his candidacy for the imperial title
        
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          Louis IV, in retaliation, declared an antipope
          
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          Louis also recruited two scholars, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham, to support his cause
          
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      Marsilius of Padua, Defender of Peace (1324)
      
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        stressed the independence of secular rulers
        
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        piety expected of clergy and duties confined to spiritual activities, not ruling
        
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        pope depicted as a subordinate member of society over which the emperor ruled supreme
        
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    National Opposition to the Avignon Papacy
    
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      England opposed the Avignon Papacy as they saw it intimately attached to France, England’s enemy in the Hundred Years’ War
      
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      Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438)
      
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        agreement that recognized the right of the French Church to elect its own clergy without papal interference
        
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        prohibited the payment of annates to Rome
        
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        limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome
        
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  Wycliffe and Hus
  
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    Wycliffe and the Lollards
    
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      Wycliffe and his issues
      
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        Oxford theologian and a philosopher of high standing
        
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        he became a major spokesperson against the secularism of the papacy
        
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        advocated apostolic piety
        
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        anticipated Protestant criticisms of the medieval church by challenging papal infallibility, the sale of indulgences, and the dogma of transubstantiation
        
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      The Lollards (Wycliffe’s followers)
      
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        preached in vernacular, distributed translations of the Bible, and advocated clerical piety
        
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        Lollards were popular with the nobility and gentry who could potentially gain from a weakening Catholic Church
        
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      After the English Peasants’ Revolt in 1381, an uprising filled with egalitarian principles that could find support in Wycliffe’s teaching, Lollardy became a capital offense in England by 1401.
      
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    John Hus
    
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      Czech reformer and professor at the University of Prague
      
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      supported vernacular translations of the Bible and criticized several aspects of the sacrament of Eucharist
      
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      he was excommunicated in 1410 and Prague was placed under the interdict
      
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      Council of Constance
      
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        Hus declared a heretic and executed in 1415
        
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      Hussites revolted following Hus’s execution and gained significant religious reforms and control over the Bohemian church
      

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  The Great Schism (1378-1417) and the Conciliar Movement to 1449
  
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    Section overview
    
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      Pope Gregory XI (1370-1378) reestablished the papacy in Rome in January 1377, ending what had become known as the “Babylonian Captivity” of the Church in Avignon.
      
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      The return to Rome proved to be short lived.
      
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    Urban VI and Clement VII
    
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      When Gregory XI died, the cardinals elected an Italian archbishop as Pope Urban VI
      
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        Urban VI wanted to reform the Curia
        
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        French cardinals called for the return of the papacy to Avignon
        
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        French King, Charles V, supported what came to be known as the Great Schism
        
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      French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
      
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        The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
        
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      Allegiances to the two popes
      
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        Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome)
        
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          supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
          
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        Clement VII
        
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          supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon
          
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    Conciliar Theory of Church Government
    
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      conciliar theory
      
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        technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
        
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        church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate the actions of a pope
        
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        ‘conciliarists’ defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
        
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        Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council
        
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    Council of Pisa (1409-1410)
    
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      Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
      
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      Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI nor Clement VII agreed to step down
      
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    The Council of Constance (1414-1417)
    
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      Three competing popes
      
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        John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
        
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        Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian pope
        
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        Clement VII was still the French pope
        
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      Emperor Sigismund demanded that John XXIII call a council in Constance which made a declaration entitled Sacrosancta which:
      
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        elected a new pope, Martin V (the three other popes were forced to resign)
        
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        asserted the supremacy of church councils over individual pope
        
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        demanded that regular meetings of church councils
        
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    The Council of Basel (1431-1449)
    
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      Church council negotiated directly with the Hussites, a group formerly identified as heretics
      
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      Four Articles of Prague presented to council by Hussites
      
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        give laity the Eucharist with the cup as well as bread
        
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        free, itinerant preaching
        
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        exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices and owning property
        
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        just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins
        
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      Council of Basel showed dominance over the papacy but Pope Pius II (r. 1458-1464) issued a papal bull Execrabilis which condemned appeals to councils and made them completely void.
      
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    Consequences
    
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      Without effective papal authority and leadership, secular control of national or territorial churches increased
      
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        Kings asserted their power over the church in England and France
        
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        German, Swiss, and Italian magistrates and city councils reformed and regulated religious life
        

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  Section Overview
  
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    Prince Vladimir (r. 980-1015) of Kiev (Russia’s dominant city at the time) chose to make Greek Orthodox the religion in Russia and thereby established close ties with the Byzantines.
    
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  Politics and Society
  
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    Yaroslav the Wise succeeded Ladimir and developed Kiev into a magnificent cultural and political center
    
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    Following Yaroslav’s death, princes divided Russia into three cultural groups: the Great Russians, the White Russians, and the Little Russians (Ukranians)
    
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    Government
    
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      Prince, council of nobles, popular assembly of all free adult males
      
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    Social division
    
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      freemen (clergy, army officers, boyars, townspeople, and peasants)
      
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      slaves (prisoners of war)
      
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  Mongol Rule
  
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    In the thirteenth century steppe peoples known as Mongols swept through China, the Islamic world, and Russia.
    
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    Ghengis Khan
    
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      notorious Mongol leader who invaded Russia in 1223
      
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      established a Mongol Empire known as the Golden Horde
      
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    Russia was forced to pay tribute to their Mongol overlords and to fight in the Mongol army
    
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    Russian culture fused with that of the Mongols, who had adopted Islam as their faith
    
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    In 1380, Grand Duke Dimitri of Moscow defeated the Mongols at Kulikov Meadow, and Mongol influence in Russia slowly withered away.
    
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    Ivan III (d. 1505) would eventually bring all of northern Russia under Moscow’s control and officially ended Mongol occupation.
    
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      Moscow replaced Kiev as political and religious center of Russia