Incense: a material that produces a pleasant smell when burned
Embalming: the process of treating a body to prevent it from decaying
Mummy: a body that has been embalmed and wrapped in linen
Pyramids: great stone tombs for Egyptian pharaohs
Tribute: payment made by one group to another to show obedience or to obtain peace or protection
Desiccant: minerals/materials that remove water from an object
RosettaStone: slab of black rock carved in 3 languages (hieroglyphics, demotic, greek)
People to Know:
Narmer: also known as Menes before he changed his name- established the first dynasty and conquered Lower Egypt, unifying the kingdom. He built the capital at Memphis.
Thutmose III: stepson of Hatshepsut (wanted to erase all traces of her existence) – through trade and conquest, Egyptians learn other ideas and blend cultures
Amenhotep/Akhenaton: made many unsettling changes- introduced a new religion that had only one god, Aton, to be worshipped (he also claims to be equal to the god, Aton)
Tutankhamen (King Tut):was an Egyptianpharaohwho ruled during theNew Kingdom. He reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aton and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The capital was also moved back to Thebes. He initiated building projects, where he dedicated a temple to Amun.
Ramses II: long rule, many children (52 sons + daughters), had temples and tombs built
The Hyksos: from Western Asia, attacked Egypt- they were great warriors and used bronze and iron weapons
The Kush: invaded the Egyptians and put an end to the Egyptian Empire
The Nubians: the center of culture and military might in Africa. Ancient Nubia had a wealth of natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper, frankincense and ebony, but they also produced and traded a variety of goods such as pottery.
Women in Ancient Egypt had a lot more freedom than those in most other ancient civilizations. They had the right to own and sell their lands. Some of those with education were priestesses, had jobs in administration, were supervisors, treasurers and sometimes advisors to the pharaohs.
Those of the lower classes could be hairdressers, weavers, or dancers.
Women also took care of children and the household, and would work on farms if they were of that class. Women in Egypt could also become pharaoh, if they were of that class.
Different Levels of Social Classes in Egypt
Why did Egyptians mummify their pharaohs? Egyptians mummified their pharaohs because they wanted to preserve them for the afterlife
The importance of irrigation in farming the Nile Valley:irrigation allowed the Egyptians to use the Nile’s waters for a variety of purposes. Irrigation granted them greater control over their farming. Flood waters were diverted away from certain areas, such as cities and gardens, to keep them from flooding. Irrigation was also used to provide drinking water to Egyptians.
Why Pharaohs had their pyramids built: Pharaohs had their pyramids built to serve as tombs where they would be buried and preserved for the afterlife (they were buried with all the items they wanted to bring with them). The bigger the pyramid was, the more powerful the pharaoh.
Major scientific accomplishments of the Egyptians: TheEgyptiansinvented and used many basic machines, such as therampand thelever, to aid construction processes. Egyptianpaper, made frompapyrus, andpottery was also a major contribution. Irrigation, glass work, the building of pyramids, are also huge accomplishments of the Egyptians.
Know different places on the Mideast map –refer to Egypt map
omen also took care of children and the household, and would work on farms if they were of that class. Women in Egypt could also become pharaoh, if they were of that class.