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| Types of Financial Flows
Rather than being based on loans from governments and international institutions such as the World Bank and IMF to governments and state-owned enterprises, new international financial flows now mainly comprise various types of investment flows and loans between private sector investors and private companies for commercial purposes. (See Table 1)3. While these flows represent private transactions, some are officially guaranteed. Payments on some export credits and other bank loans are guaranteed against commercial risks by the government of the recipient country; and some export credits are insured by agencies in the lending country. In the case of non-payment of these debts, the burden of repayment is assumed by the creditor or debtor government4. In addition, governments themselves are regaining access to financing from commercial sources. Since syndicated bank loans were mostly discredited by the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s, developing country governments now raise most private finance via bond issues: bond issues accounted for 83% of net public and publicly-guaranteed borrowing by developing countries from commercial sources in 1996, compared with just 7% in 1980 (World Bank, 1998). Recent trends in financial flows are shown in Figures 1 and 2. There are three dimensions to the shift in financing5: a shift from official to commercial sources of finance (A); a shift from public to private recipients of financial flows (B); and a shift from loans to equity instruments (including direct investment) as mechanisms (C). Directory: topic topic -> Va sol standard 12 What were the political, economic, and social consequences of World War ii? topic -> The Jacksonian Era aka Jacksonian Democracy, The Rise of the Common Man topic -> Uk topic #2: early history topic -> Uks2 Topic: Invaders And Settlers: Anglo-Saxons Block F: Kings And Laws topic -> Topic 1 Levels of language. Linguistic choice, style and meaning topic -> Vus 6c what issues divided America in the first half of the nineteenth century? topic -> Topic library – cultural aspects topic -> Developing a Culturally Competent Organisation topic -> Position Description Title: Cultural Safety Training and Development Officer Unit Share with your friends:
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