H'Ttrauft THE NEW SCHAFF HERZOG 182 Hase

America."

B:BLmoaArar: Important documents are reprinted in the

New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July,

History of the First Church of Charlestown, Boston, 1845;

J. Winthrop, Hist. of New England, ii. 105 419, ib. 1853;

Life and Letters of John Winthrop, 2 vole., ib. 1864 67;

F. 0. Vaille and H. A. Clark, Harvard Book, 2 vols., ib.

1875; J. F. Hunnewell, Records of the First Church, ib.

1880; G. G. Bush, Harvard: the first American Univer­

sity, ib. 1886; W. R,. Thayer, Harvard University, ib.

1893; C. E. Norton, Four American Universities, New

York, 1895; J. L. Chamberlain, Universities and ,heir

Sons; Harvard University, vol. i., Boston, n.d.; A. Davis,

John Harvard's Life in America; or social and political

DNB, xxv. 77 78.

HASE, hiil'ze, gARLALFRED VON: German Prot­

estant; b. at Jena July 12,1842. He was educated

at the university of his native city (Ph.D., 1865),

and also studied at Rome and Geneva. After being

court deacon at Weimar from 1865 to 1870, he was

divisional chaplain in the Franco Prussian War,

and was then divisional pastor at Hanover for five

years (1871 76). From 1876 to 1889 he was chief

military chaplain and consistorial councilor at

K6nigsberg, and from 1889 to 1893 was garrison

chaplain and court  preacher at  Potsdam. Since

1893 he has been consistorial councilor at Breslau,

and also honorary professor of practical theology at

the university of the same city since 1896. In 1904

he was created a supreme consistorial councilor.

He has published: Lutherbriefe (Leipsic, 1867);

(1874); Herzog Albrecht van Preussen and sein

Berlin, 1893); Unsre Hauschronik: Geschichte der

and Neutestamentliche Parallelen zu buddhistischen

HASE, KARL AUGUST VON: German Lutheran

theologian; b. at Niedersteinbach, near Penig (11

m. n.w. of Chemnitz), Aug. 25, 1800; d. in Jena

Jan. 3, 1890. The son of a country pastor, he

attended the gymnasium at Altenburg, which he

left to enter the University at Leipsic (1818). He

matriculated at first, however, as law student, yet

turned his attention from the start chiefly to phi­

losophy and theology, preaching at the close of his

first semester. In 1821 he entered Erlangen, where

he was deeply influenced by Schelling and G. H.

von Schubert (qq.v.). He was obliged to leave the

university the next year, as he was suspected of

complicity in the political plots of the student asso­

ciations. In 1823 he qualified as lecturer on theology

and philosophy at Tiibingen. Soon afterward he

was a political prisoner at Hohenasperg for eleven

months (1824 25). In Oct., 1826, he went to

Leipsic, where he became a lecturer in the philo­

sophical faculty, but in a few years was called to Jena

as extraordinary professor. Before his removal

thither (July, 1830) he traveled in Italy with his

friend, Hermann Hartel, whose sister, Pauline, he

married on his return. The rest of his life he spent

in Jena, declining many honorable calls to other universities. He became full professor in 1836, and soon ranked as one of the most highly esteemed teachers and became famous as an author. He served five times as vice rector (1838, 1847, 1855, 1863, and 1871). His interests were turned chiefly, but not exclusively, toward church history. He re­lieved his labors by frequent journeys, especially to Rome, which he visited seventeen times, the last time in 1882. There he acquired the intimate ac­quaintance with the Roman Catholic religion shown in so many of his works. High honors were given to him at his golden jubilee; he was created doctor of law, presented with the freedom of the city, granted cross of the Saxon Household Order, together with the hereditary nobility, and appointed privy coun­cilor. He delivered his last lecture on July 23, 1883; but retained his mental alertness till his last years, and prepared his lectures on church history for the press.

The most striking thing about Hase's work is the great diversity of the subjects and his ability in using the sources to produce an artistic treatment of a theme. His style was original and alluring; but in his later years was marked by so great an effort for conciseness as even to violate the laws of language. His writings require not only an atten­tive reader, but one who can read between the lines. He has a breadth of outline, an acuteness of observation, and an art of delineation that give life to the figures of history. In theology he was no pio­neer like Schleiermacher, though he shared Schleier­macher'3 vital conception of religion, .nor like Baur, whom, however, he could fully appreciate. He never tried to cultivate unbroken ground, though not shrinking from the drudgery of scientific inves­tigation; therefore he seldom contributed to period­icals, and wrote but few reviews. He belonged to no party nor school, but felt himself to be a theo­logian, who dared to examine freely, bound by no sacredness of the letter, standing for " the scien­tific investigation of the Gospel, an enlightened Christianity recognizing itself as truth in the eternal laws of the spirit, as opposed to the popular faith supported by external authority."

Among his writings may be mentioned: Des alten.Pfarrers Testament (Tiibingen, 1824), a treat­ise on the Johannean love, in the form of a romantic story; Lehrbuch der evangelischen Dogmatik (Stutt­gart, 1826); Die Proselyten (Tiibingen, 1827); Gno­sis oder protestantisch evangelischen Glaubenslehre (3 vols., Leipsie, 1827 29); Hutterus redivivus (1829), a compendium of Lutheran dogma; Leben Jesu (1829); $irchengesehichte (1834; 12th edition, 1900 ; Eng. transl. from 7th Germ. ed., Hist. of the Christian Church, New York, 1855); Anti Roehr (1837), a polemic against rationalism; Die beiden Embisch6fe (1839); Neue Propheten (1851); Franz von Assisi (1856); Das geistliche Schauspiel (1858; Eng. transl., Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas, London, 1880); Handbuch der protestantischen Pole­mik gegen die rbmisch katholische Kirche (1862; 7th edition, 1900; Eng. transl., Handbook to the Con­troversy with Rome, 2 vols., London, 1906); Caierina von Siena (1864); Ideale and Irrtiimer (1871); Ge­schichte Jesu (1875; Eng. transl. from 3u and 4th

G. KRt)GER.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: F. Nippold, Karl van Have, Geddchtn11rede,

Berlin, 1890; R. A. Lipsius, Zur Brinnerung an . . . K. A. von Hase, ib. 1890; K. A. Base, Unare Hamchronik: Geschichte der Familie Hose, Leipsie, 1898; R. Bfrkner, Karl von Hass, ib. 1900; and the autobiographic details in vol. xi. of the collected Werke, fit sup.

1. Johann Gerhard Hasenkamp was born at Wechte bei Lengerich (19 m. n.n.e. of M(lnster), Westphalia, July 12, 1736; d. at Duisburg June 27, 1777. In 1753 he entered the academy of Lingen to study theology. His headlong zeal for the honor of God led him to severe conflicts with the author­ities of the Church. Among other things he rejected the vicarious suffering of Christ and the impossibil­ity of a complete sanctification upon earth. Pro­ceedings were begun against him, but in 1763 he was allowed to resume his preaching, and in 1766 he was appointed rector of the gymnasium in Duis­burg. He brought new life into the institution and influenced deeply the religious life of his pupils, and of the people in general; by the sermons which he delivered from 1767 to 1771. He published: Vll Quostionm de liberorum educatione (1767 70); XClll Theses contra Arianos, Fanaticos, Soeinianos aliosque hujus indolis nostra Mate (Duisburg, 1770); Predigten nach item Gesehmack der drei ersten Jahr­hunderte der Chriatenheit (Frankfort, 1772); Ueber Hinwegrdumung der Hindernisse der christlichen Gottseligkeit (Schaffhausen, 1772); Der deutsche reformierte Theologe (1775); Unterredung fiber Schriftwahrheiten (1776); and Ein christliches Gym­nasium (1776).

2. Friedrich Arnold Hasenkamp was born Jan. 11,

1747; d. 1795. He forsook the trade of a weaver

to take up academic studies, and eventually suc­

ceeded his brother as rector at Duisburg. He wrote

1789); Die Israeliten die aufgeklarteste Nation enter

burg, 1794).

BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. C. H. G. Hasenkamp, in Die Wahrheit zur Gouselipkeit, ii. 5 6, Bremen, 1832 34; J. H. Jung­8tilling, Sdmmtliche Schriften, vi. 119 aqq., 282 sqq., Idii. 427 437 14 vols., Stuttgart, 1835 38; Brie/weeheel suoischen Lavater and Hasenkamp, ed. K. Ehmann, Basel, 1870; A. Ritechl, Geschkhta des Pietiamus, L 504 sqq..

and the literature under COLLENBBBCH, BAxvEL.

Mattathias and Judas (¢ 1).

Jonathan and Simon (1 2).

John Hyrcanus, Aristobulus I. (1 3).

Alexander Jannmus, Hyrcanus IL, Aristobulus II. (§ 4). The Downfall of the Family (§ 5).

Hasmoneans (Hebr. .Uashmonim; Aram. Zlash­monay) is the name of a family of distinguished Jewish patriots who headed a revolt in the reign of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes (175 164 B.c.), and, after strenuous exertions and the shedding of much blood, secured a last brief period of freedom and glory for Israel. Mattathias, the head of the family, accord­ing to Josephus (Ant. XII., vi. 1), was the son of John, the son of Simeon, the son of Asamonaios; according to I Mace. ii. 1, the son of John, the son of Simeon. Hashmon was therefore either great­grandfather of Mattathias, or, in case Simeon is merely a form of Hashmon, the grandfather of Mattathias.

The steady purpose of the Macedonian states in the Orient was to Hellenize the populations. Epiph­anes also had this aim, but pursued it

r. Matta  with so much obstinacy that he weak­thias ened rather than strengthened his

and Judas. cause, and he found the stanchest opponents in the Jews. But even among them influences in his favor existed, and the high priest Jesus, who took the Greek name Jason, favored the Greek party. The progress of Greek ideas stirred up the zeal of those true to the faith of Israel, who formed a party and named themselves the " afflicted," the " poor " (ebhyonim), or the " pious " (.Hasidim, or Chasidim, from which last came the name Hasideans, the designation of a party which arose about this time, and became the later Pharisees). Embittered by the opposition, Antiochus at last began a religious persecution, a result of which was the bold slaughter by Mattathias of an apostate who was going to sacrifice to idols, and of a royal officer, and the revolt of his supporters. Upheld by the Chasidim, a little war was begun, in which the unfaithful in Israel and the Greeks them­selves were assailed. Mattathias died 166, when his third son, Judas, was made leader, and for six years carried on the struggle against overwhelming odds and with varying fortunes. On account of his sudden attacks upon the enemy and the frequent blows which he struck he was called Maccabee, " the hammerer " or " the hammer," a name which came to glorify the entire family. The strife at this stage was rather religious than national in intent, since Judas had many enemies among the Jews themselves, particularly at the court at Antioch. It is to the leader's glory that under these circumstances he recovered the temple, which fact is celebrated by the Feast of the Dedication of the Temple. A contributory cause to the success of the Jews was the disharmony in Syrian affairs and the strife for the Syrian throne, of which skilful advantage was taken by the Jews. Demetrius 1. Soter, nephew of the usurper Epiphanes and the rightful heir, seized the kingdom from the son of Epiphanes, still a minor. Judas sought to obtain outside help for the furthering of his plans, which

The leadership was assumed by Jonathan, the youngest of the five brothers, who from beyond the Jordan carried terror among the Syrians and Arabs. With Jerusalem and the entire land in the hands of the enemy, only hope and courage seemed left. The situation was suddenly changed by the entrance of Alexander Balas, an alleged son of Antiochus IV., who sought the kingdom and assailed Demetrius. Both the contestants sought the favor of Jonathan as that of a weighty leader. Demetrius restored the Jewish hostages and withdrew many of the Syrian garrisons, so that Jonathan regained possession of the temple. Alexander made him high priest, and sent him princely robes and rich insignia of office. Thus Jonathan was at once in

possession of priestly and temporal 2. Jonathan power. He was master of Judea and and Simon. an officer in the Syrian army. When

Demetrius 11. (147 B.C.) overthrew Alexander, he chose Jonathan as his friend in spite of the hostility of the latter at the beginning of the struggle of Demetrius with Alexander. A young son of Alexander, Antiochus VI., instigated by Trypho, a general of Alexander, arose against De­metrius, and after varying fortunes was slain by Trypho, who also slew Jonathan (143 B.C.). This left as the only survivor of the sons of Mattathias Simon, already celebrated for wisdom, energy, and statesmanship. He assumed the leadership, and at once declared the independence of his people, taking the titles of high priest, general, and prince (I Mace. xiv. 47). The union of these offices marked a change in the policy of Jewish affairs, in which hitherto the chief interest had been in the priesthood and a pure theocracy. Simon's rule was short, but fortunate, since his own people appre­ciated his worth. In a popular assembly his honors and position were secured to him as hereditary rights, and the fact made public in tablets of brass affixed to the sanctuary (I Mace. xiv. 27 17). The independence of the country was signified by the issue of a series of coins and by the reckoning of a new era dating from Simon's accession. It seemed as if Simon's end was to be peaceful when his own stepson, Ptolemy, who sought Simon's place, treach­erously murdered him, while Antiochus VIL, brother of Demetrius and then on the Syrian throne, attempted to regain possession of Judea.

Simon's son, John Hyrcanus (note the Greek names assumed by the successive members of the

family; it is a sign of the times), who 3. John succeeded his father, was at first com­Hyrcanus, pelled to become a vassal of Syria,

Aristo  surrender Jerusalem, and give hostages.

bulus L When Antiochus fell (128 B.C.), John

took full advantage of the circum­stance, began a series of conquests, destroyed the temple on Gerizim, united Samaria with his own

territory, subdued the Idumeans, and Judaized the country. Josephus accredits him with three honors, high priesthood, rulership, and prophecy (Ant. XIII., x. 7). But a question was raised about the legitimacy of his possession of the high priesthood. At the death of John Hyrcanus (105 B.C.) the family fell upon evil days. What external power was retained for his successor, Aristobulus I., was due to the weakness of the Seleucids and the Ptolemies, who became involved in the strife of the Jewish parties on internal matters. Hyrcanus had become alienated from the Pharisees, for the Pharisee Eleazar had advised him to lay aside his high­priesthood and be content with the temporal power. On his death he left the rule to his widow, while Aristobulus was to be high priest. Aristobulus starved his mother to death, threw three of his brothers into prison, and killed the fourth, whom he had made coregent. But he died the next year (104 B.C.). The event of his reign most noteworthy was the conquest of Galilee and the beginning of its Judaizing.

His widow, Alexandra, the most celebrated of that name in this family, released his brothers and made one of them, the third son of her

4. Alex  husband, king, with the title of Alex­ander ander I. Jannaeus. His rule was as

Jannaens, unfortunate as it was long (104 78

Hyrcanus B.C.). His desire was to shine as a con 

II., Aristo  queror as his father had done, but bolus II. without the same means, since he had to rely upon an army of mercenaries. The Pharisees withdrew more and more from the support of a rule which continually drew its sources of strength from the outside and estranged its own subjects, while the king was made to seem a betrayer of his father's religion. He was grossly insulted at a festival, and took bloody revenge. Civil war arose, which lasted for six years, during which 50,000 Jews were slain. At his death in 78 he left the succession in the hands of his widow, Alexandra, with the injunction to make friends of the Phar­isees. She followed his counsel, banished the Sadducees from Jerusalem, put the Scribes into the seats of the Sanhedrin, and ruled with cleverness until her death in 69. During her life her oldest son, Hyrcanus II., had been high priest, while at her death Aristobulus Il. desired the kingdom and assailed his brother. Shortly after this the Syrian kingdom fell into the power of the Romans. Hyr­canus fled, on the advice of Antipater, the father of Herod, to the Arabian prince Aretas, at Petra, by whose help Aristobulus was besieged in Jerusalem and slain. Meanwhile Pompey's general, Scaurus, and then Pompey himself were besought both by Aristobulus and by his opponents, and by the people against both. Pompey captured Jerusalem, ended the kingdom, and made Hyrcanus high priest and ethnarch (63 B.C.), taking Aristobulus and his children to Rome in triumph.

The remaining history of the Hasmoneans is a series of tragedies. Alexander, the son of Aristo­bulus, escaped from imprisonment and assailed the Roman power in Syria. Meanwhile the Roman civil war had broken out, and Caesar released Aris­tobulus in order to give trouble to his opponents,

fore he could leave Rome, and soon after the same

fate met Alexander. He left behind

5. The two children, the offspring of Alexan­

Downfall dra, the daughter of Hyrcanus, of

of the great beauty but not very intellectual,

Family. and a brother, Antigonus. When Caesar

gained the mastery in the East, the

control of Palestine inclined in fact, though not in

name to the Idumean Antipater ; but since he was

regarded as a foreigner, and therefore hated by the

Jews, on the break up caused by Caesar's death

they rallied to the support of Antigonus. Mean­

while Antipater's son, Herod, whose desire was to

have both the form and the fact of the former power

of Hyrcanus, became engaged to Mariamne, the

beautiful daughter. of the pretender Alexander and

the granddaughter through her mother of Hyrcanus.

This was a move inspired as much by politics as by

power of the house, Antigonus, whose Hebrew name, Mattathias, recalled that of his ancestor. The book which reflects the period of the family is the Psalms of Solomon; the New Testament is silent, with the single exception of the reference in Heb. xi. 35 36, which mentions no names.

(J. HAu88LErTER.)

In the following genealogical table of the Has­monean family, the numbers in parentheses pre­ceding the name indicate the order of dynastic succession, the numbers in parentheses following the name indicate the years during which office was held, a number preceded by d. indicates date of death; m. signifies married.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Sources are I Mace., II Mam:, and Jose­

phus, Ant., books xii. xiv.; Dan. xi. 21 45; cf. also the

commentaries upon the Books of Maccabees and on

Daniel. Consult on the history of the period: Schiirer,

Geschichte, i. 165 387, Eng• tranal. I., i. 186 432 (con­

tains full notes and reference to the sources and subsidiary

Judlas d. 135. (4) John I3yrcanus (135 d. 105). Mattalthias. d. 135

gian; b. atDresden June 29,1808; d. at BonnOct.14,

1862. He was educated at Leipsic and Berlin, and in

1834 was appointed lecturer in church history at the

university of the latter city. In 1836 he was called

to Greifswald as assistant professor of church his­

tory, and in 1841 he was appointed to a similar

office at the University of Bonn. There he com­

pleted the first volume of his Anselm van Canter­

bury (2 vols., Leipsic, 1843 52; Eng. transl. of vol.

i. The Life of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury,

London, 1850), containing the biography of the

great English primate; the second part reproduced

Anselm's theological system. (W. $~rf.)

BIHwoa8APHP: W. Krsfft, F. R. Haew, tine Lebensskizze,

Bonn, 1865.

HASTINGS, JAMES: United Free Church; b. at

Huntly (33 m. n. w. of Aberdeen), Scotland, about

1860; educated at Aberdeen, became pastor of

St. Cyrus, Montrose, Kincardineshire, 1901. He

edited the Dictionary of the Bible, 5 voLs., Edin­

burgh and New York, 1898 1904; Dictionary of

of the Bible, 1 vol., 1908; and Dictionary of Re­

b. in Washington, Conn., Oct. 15, 1784; d. in New

York City May 15, 1872. In early youth he taught

himself music, and began his career as a teacher in

singing schools in 1806, and as an editor in 1816:

With Prof. Seth Norton, of Hamilton College, he

published two pamphlets (1816), afterward en­

larged, and united with the Springfield Collection

in a volume entitled Musica Sacra. From 1823 to

1832 he was the editor of The Western Recorder, a

religious paper published at Utica. In 1832, at the

call of twelve churches, he removed to the city of

New York. Before leaving Utica he had begun to

write hymns, impelled by the lack of variety, espe­

cially in meter, in those then current, and by the

need of adapting suitable words to the music he

arranged. In the Spiritual Songs (1832) there are

more than thirty of his hymns published anony­

mously. Among these are some of the best that he

wrote; such as, How calm and beautiful the morn l ;

him to continue and cultivate the habit thus early

begun. About two hundred of his hymns are in

current use, and he left in manuscript about four

hundred more. His music, with that of Lowell

Mason, did important service in the Church, and

marks in America the transition period between the

crude and the more cultured periods of psalmody.

His cardinal principle was that in church music the

artistic must be strictly subordinated to the devo­

tional. In 1858 the University of the City of New

York conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of

Music.

The following is a list of his publications: Musiea

vised and republished, New York, 1853); Spiritual

THOMAS S. HasTiNGs.