tragedy a serious play with a sad ending
trans-Saharan trade trade that requires crossing the Sahara Desert
travel to journey to other places
trephination a type of surgery that involves penetrating the skull
tribe a social group that shares a common ancestry, leadership, and traditions
tributary a ruler or country that pays tribute to a conqueror
tribute a payment made by one ruler or country to another for protection or as a sign of submission
truce an agreed-upon halt in fighting
U
university a school of advanced learning
urbanization the growth of cities
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V
vaccine a substance used to immunize people against a disease
vault an arched structure used to hold up a ceiling or a roof
village a small community
visual arts artforms that are viewed with the eyes, such as paintings and sculpture
W
ward a neighborhood that is a political unit within a city
warlord a military leader operating outside the control of the government
woodcut a print of an image that has been carved in wood
woodland forest an area of abundant trees and shrubs
writer someone who expresses ideas and stories with written words and language
writing letters, words, and symbols formed on a surface, such as paper, using an instrument
written traditions the particular forms of writing used to record a culture’s history
Z
zoology the scientific study of animals
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Index
A
Abbasid dynasty, 106
end of, 127
Abraham, 83, 94, 100
Abu Bakr, 89
Abu Talib, 87
Adam, 94, 96
Adams, Abigail, 408
Age of Explorations, 372–373
motives for the, 376
agriculture
in imperial China, 188–189
Mayan techniques of, 268
al-Din, Jamal, introduction of astronomical instruments, 208–209
al-Khwarizmi, 111
Al-Kindi, 108
al-Razi, 112
Al-Saheli, 162
alchemy, 200
algebra, 111
Ali, Sunni, 157
Alighieri, Dante, 324
Allah, 86
alliance, 273
almsgiving, 98
American Revolution, Enlightenment and, 407
amulet, 158
Anatolia, 120
Anglicanism, 362–363
anti-Semitism, 125
Antioch, 121
appliqué, 171
apprentice, 45
aqueducts, 13
Aquinas, Thomas, 38
arabesque, 114
Arabian Peninsula
geography of, 77–81
importance of, 76
Arabic language and civilization, 90
Archbishop of Canterbury, 362
archdiocese, 33
architecture
advances during the Renaissance, 325
Aztecs’ achievements in, 305
in Byzantine Empire, 65
Incas’ achievements in, 306–307
Islamic civilization’s city building and, 107
legacy of Roman, 12
Mayan achievements in, 302–303
Mayan civilization’s building techniques and, 261
during the Middle Ages, 36–37
new styles in West Africa, 162
origins of Japanese, 226
See also Tenochtitlan
aristocracy
development in Japan, 221
imperial China, 182
Aristotle, 38, 389, 390, 391
armor, 26
army
Aztecs’, 276–277
in Ghana, 147
military technology developed by the Chinese, 200–201
taxes and, 8
See also samurai
art
Aztecs’ achievements in, 305
in Byzantine Empire, 65
characteristics of Greece and Rome classical, 316
characteristics of medieval, 317
characteristics of Renaissance, 317
(See also da Vinci, Leonardo; Dürer, Albrecht; Titian)
Incas’ achievements in, 306–307
during Japan Heian period, 235
legacy of Roman, 10–11
Mayan achievements in, 302–303
during the Middle Ages, 36–37
Muslim, 114–115
West Africa decorative, 163
See also painting
artisans, in the Mayan society, 263
astrolabe, 109, 377
astronomy, 109
Mayan studies of, 261
See also Copernicus, Nicolaus
aviary, Aztecs’, 275
ayllu, 294
Page 447
Aztecs
achievements of the, 304–305
building of empire, 276–277
class structure, 276–277
family life, 283
food, 284
impact of Spanish Conquest on the, 383
markets, 285
marriage customs, 282
origins of the, 271
settlement in the Valley of Mexico, 272–273
Spanish exploration and collapse of the, 382–383
B
Babur, 129
Bacon, Francis, 395
Baghdad, 106, 107
bailey, 24
balafon, 168
banking
development during the Renaissance, 318
money landing in medieval towns and, 46
barbarians, 20
barge, 190
barometer, 396
bartering, 78
Basho, Matsuo, 246
Basil, Saint, 65
basket making, West African, 171
Battuta, Ibn, 149, 158
beauty, as a value in Japan Heian period, 233
Beccaria, Cesare, 406
Becket, Thomas, 54
Bedouins, 77
Benedict, Saint, 40
Benedictine order, 40
Bible, 390, 391
bill of rights, 403
Black Death
See bubonic plague
blacksmith, 140
blasphemy, 361
Botticelli, Sandro, Adoration of the Magi, 326
boycott, 87
Brunelleschi, Filippo, 325
bubonic plague, 48, 53, 56–57
Buddha, variations in sculptures of, 225
Buddhism, 183, 205
Amida, 247
introduction in Japan, 222–223
Zen, 247
bureaucracy, imperial China, 181, 182
Bushido, samurai code, 248
Byzantine Empire, Rome and, 9
Byzantium, 61
C
Cabot, John, 384
Cabral, Pedro, 378
Caesar Augustus, 8
Cairo, 106, 108
calendar, Mayan, 267
Caligula, 8
caliph, 89
call and response, West African song, 168
calligraphy, 114–115
Japanese, 236–237
samurai’s training in, 246
Calvin, John, 354–355
See also Calvinism
Calvinism, 360–361
rituals and worship, 361
source of authority for, 360–361
camels, 77, 148
cameo, 11
Canada, claimed for England, 384
canal lock, 197
Candide (Voltaire), 405
capital punishment, 406
capitalism, 386
caravans, 76
caravel, 377
Cardano, Girolamo, 329
cardinals, 33
cartography, explorations and, 377
castle, 24
catapult, 200
cathedrals, 12, 36–37
Catherine of Siena, 351
Catherine the Great of Russia, Queen, 407
causeway, 275
Cerularius, excommunication by Pope Leo IX, 67
Cervantes, Miguel, 343
chain pump, 189
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Charlemagne
education and, 38, 68
empire of, 20–21
charter, 44
Chartres Cathedral, construction of, 36, 68
Chaucer, Geoffrey, Canterbury Tales, 35
chess, 116
childhood, in Inca Empire, 294–295
China
breakup and reunification, 181
cultural influences on Japan, 219, 220
imperial dynasties, 180
introduction to imperial, 176, 179
chivalry, 27
chocolate, 383
Christianity, 20
Christians
impact of crusades on, 124
persecutions by Romans of, 32
circumference, Earth’s, 110
citizenship, legacy of Roman, 17
city building
Islamic civilization’s architecture and, 107
in Japan, 222, 230
city-states, 319
civil service examination
imperial China, 182, 183, 184
limits of imperial China, 185
clans
in Aztec society
(See ayllu)
in Japan, 220, 221
in the Muslim world, 83
See also extended family
Clement V, Pope, 349
clergy, 32
clock, mechanical, 201
cloister, 40
Clotilda, 20
Clovis, 20
coastal plain, Arabian Peninsula, 79
colonies, establishment in Brazil of Portuguese, 379
Colosseum, the, 12, 13
Columbus, Christopher, 340, 375, 376, 380
comedy, 342
coming-of-age ceremony, Mayan, 265
commerce, 46
Florence’s economic development and, 331
growth during the Renaissance, 318
growth in imperial China, 190–191
impact of explorations on European economies and, 386–387
common law, 49
commoners, 55
in Aztec society, 281
in Inca society, 293
communal land, 294
Comnena, Anna, 124
concrete, 12
Confucius, 182, 183
conquistadors, 382, 383
conservatory, 115
Constantine, Emperor, 9, 61
Constantinople, 61, 62
Constitutions of Clarendon, 54
convent, 35
convert, 86
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 338, 391
Cordoba, 106, 108
corn, 284
corruption, 230
Cortes, Herman, 382–383
cottage industry, 387
Council of Trent, 364
Counter-Reformation, 357, 364–365
court system
Henry II’s reform of, 54
trial by ordeal or combat vs., 49
courtier, 233
craft guilds, 45
Crecy, Battle of, 58, 69
criminology, 406
crossbow, 58
crusades, 35, 119
antecedents to the, 120
Christians and the, 124
First Crusade (1096–1099), 121
Jews and the, 126
later, 122–123
Muslims and the, 125
Second Crusade (1146–1148), 122
Third Crusade (1189–1192), 122
currency, increase and Chinese development of commerce, 190
Cuzco, 290
Cyril, Saint, 65
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D
da Gama, Vasco, 378
da Verrazano, Giovanni, 384
da Vinci, Leonardo, 324, 329, 333, 344
daily life
medieval knights, 27
medieval lords and ladies, 25
medieval peasants, 28–29
daimyo, 242
dance, in West Africa, 169
Daoism, 183
de Gouges, Olympe, 408
deposits, salt, 150
Descartes, Rene, 395
desert
Arabian Peninsula, 77
See also oases
despotism, 404
Dhar Tichitt, 139
dialects, 303
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 393
Dias, Bartolomeu, 378
diet, medieval peasants’, 29
dike, 275
diocese, 33
disinfectant, use by the Chinese, 202
dissection, 339
divination, Inca priests, 297
Divine Comedy (Alighieri), 328
divine right of kings, 23
Djingareyber, 154, 162
doctrine of the church, 350
domain, feudal lord, 44
dome, 12
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 343
Donatello, 327
dowry, 282
Drake, Francis, 385
drums/drumming, West Africa, 169
duke, 23
Dürer, Albrecht, 337, 344
dynasty, 90
in China, 180
E
Eastern Orthodox Church, 61, 64–65
conflict with the Roman Catholic Church, 66
hierarchy in, 64
liturgy and prayer in the, 65
role in the empire, 64
See also Roman Catholic Church
economic and social problems, late Roman Empire, 8
Edo (Tokyo), Japan capital, 242
education
in Aztec society, 283
of girls in medieval towns, 47
Islamic civilization and, 108
in the Middle Ages, 38
studies of humanities during the Renaissance, 320
in West Africa, 160
Edward I, King, Model Parliament and, 55
Eleazar ben Judah, 126
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 341
Anglicanism and, 363
emperor
Inca Empire, 292
powers of Chinese vs. Japanese, 221
engineering
advances during the Renaissance, 325
legacy of Roman, 13
England, political development in, 54–55
English Peasants’ War, 57
engraving, 337
Enlightenment, 373
inspiration for the, 399
questioning of old beliefs, 401
roots of the, 400–401
entertainment/leisure
Aztecs, 287
Islamic culture, 116
at Japan Heian court, 234
in medieval Europe, 50–51
environment, Arabian Peninsula, 77
epidemics, 383
Erasmus, Desiderius, 351
Europe
climate zones, 5
waterways and mountain ranges in, 4
everyday objects
in imperial China, 201
West African decorating of, 171
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evolution, 109
excavation, 141
excommunication, 33
expulsion, 122
extended family, 139
F
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, 396
family life
in Aztec society, 283
in Mayan society, 264–265
farming, in the Arabian Peninsula, 80
fashion, in Japan Heian period, 233
Fatimid dynasty, 106
Ferdinand of Aragon, King, 122, 340, 380
feudalism, 19
decline of, 53, 55, 57, 59
definition of, 5
establishment of order under, 22
introduction in England, 23, 69
lords and ladies under, 24–25
monarchs under, 23
fief, 22
Five Pillars of Faith, 93, 95
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